Marketing research goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research goals - Essay Example Apart from this marketing research also is important for an organization as it gives them directions for future planning. Its like if marketing is an engine that drives a country's economy than marketing research is the process that keeps the engine tuned. Marketing Research's wide range of uses can measure the importance of it. For example it helps in making new and improved products and enables an organization to have a more convenient delivery of products and services. Well marketing research results can be both correct and incorrect, same is for the viewpoints of the senior management. The major reason for following either one of the options, which is following the marketing research conclusion or the viewpoints of senior management, depends on how much a person knows about the marketing research. If a person is sure that there has been no mistakes or errors throughout the marketing research then he can be sure of following the conclusions based on the marketing research but its not necessary that the results come out to be positive. It's vice versa if u follow the viewpoints of the senior management. Rather than offering the same marketing mix to different customers, organizations plan out market segmentation. Market segmentation helps firms to tailor marketing mix for specific target markets, hence better satisfying customer needs. Not all elements of the marketing mix are changed from one segment to another. For example in some cases only the promotional campaigns would change. A niche is a further division of a segment. Thus, the difference between a segment and a niche is that between segments substitution is negligible, while a large part of the customers in a segment will allow substitution between niche products. Niche products are aimed at a smaller group of consumers within a segment, for whom specific product properties are obligatory, while the same properties were only positioning properties in the broader market segment. We can have a market segment of one individual but in business markets not in consumer markets. There is a major reason for it. The reason is that in business markets an organization can have only one consumer. This is due to the high priced machinery transactions that take place in the business markets. Apart from that, organizations do want many customers to cater to but they can have a single customer as well and can be specialized producer for a single buyer as they are still making profits in doing so. Ans.3 There are basically two types of sellers in any international market. These two types rely on the two basic terms that a buyer uses to distinguish the products. These two factors are price and quality. Some seller might be giving a good price but not good quality and vice versa. Sellers can be buyers there is no doubt about it. There is no country that is completely self sufficient in producing every single good or commodity that is required by the people living in it, hence keeping this fact in the mind a seller can be a buyer is proved easily. The challenges in regard

Disclosure of material facts by proposer of insurance Essay Example for Free

Disclosure of material facts by proposer of insurance Essay A fact is considered to be material as per the provisions of Section 18(2) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 if it would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether he will take the risk. This rule applies is also applicable to non-marine insurance and despite the proposals of the Law Commission not being addressed to marine insurance, undoubtedly the decisions of the courts on disclosure of hull risks will have repercussions for householders. The degrees of influence are given below. The three degrees of influence. (A) Information type A is so material that the insurer, if he had known about it would have refused to enter the contract or in the alternative the insurer would have made further investigations resulting in refusal to do so. (B) Information type B consists of facts, which if the insurer had been aware of, would have resulted in the insurer’s making the contract of insurance but on quite different terms especially in respect of premium or conduction of a further investigations leading to insurance on a different set of terms altogether. The proposer has to reveal the material facts known to him whilst proposing insurance. However, in Berger Ltd. v. Pollock , non-disclosure of certain information, was held to be immaterial because the judge was far from satisfied that, if the undisclosed matters had been fully reported and explained to these underwriters, they would in fact have declined to accept this declaration under open cover or have sought to vary its terms or to require an increased rate of premium. (C) Information type C is that information, whose knowledge would have made the insurer consider it relevant but would not have resulted in the insurer’s refusal of the contract or insistence on different terms. It is information, which though affecting his judgment would have, in conjunction with other facts, had they been present, would have resulted in a different contract, but, which of its own accord, would not have affected the particular contract or its terms. This is the present position in England and is the consequence of the judgments of the Court of Appeal in CTI v. Oceanus . It has been suggested that this case propels English law in the direction suggested by the Law Commission. However, the Court of Appeal’s objective was to respect the Courts view of precedent. The reality is that the Court has succeeded in distancing the law from precedent, principle and the interests of the assured. This decision has met with almost universal concern and disappointment. CTI v. Oceanus CTI entered into an insurance contract successively with A, B and Oceanus. A and B being dissatisfied with the claims experience wanted a change in the terms of cover which were not acceptable to CTI . Hence, CTI insured with Oceanus on the basis of an account of their past claims record which, was not complete or entirely fair and accordingly Oceanus endeavoured to avoid the policy for misrepresentation and non-disclosure. Lloyd J. held that, even in the event of disclosure of all the relevant information the insurer would have made this contract on the same terms and that such information, which could be classified as belonging to type C, not being material, the contract could not be avoided. On appeal the Court held that the undisclosed information was to be classified as type B and not type C and therefore the decision at first instance had to be reversed resulting in the avoidance of the insurance. Nevertheless, the Court also stated obiter but after hearing argument, that there is no requirement that the particular insurer should have been induced to take the risk or charge a lower premium than he would otherwise have done as a result of the non-disclosure. The consequence of all this is that information of type C in English law is material and its concealment enables the insurer to avoid the contract of insurance, without any reservations in respect of commercial insurance and most likely in other lines too. It was hinted by Kerr L. J. that this rule might differ in respect of consumer insurance but the Law Commission has refused to countenance a special rule for consumers. Practicality. First, despite the absence of an absolute standard, the test of materiality is that of the prudent insurer, which is an objective test controlled and applied by the court on the basis of expert evidence. This is similar to that of a reasonable man in tort. In the parlance of insurance practice this test of a prudent insurer is no more a genuine inquiry into a particular person’s mind than it is in relation to the other reasonable or prudent persons who populate the rules of law to legitimise the dominant role of the judge. Secondly, despite the objective nature of the materiality test, it is not understandable as to why it is easier and therefore more pragmatic and definite to state that a fact has some influence or is of the type C, rather than to state that it has a decisive influence or that it can be classified as type A or type B. Thirdly, if the proposer has to perforce disclose information of the type C, then there is the further objection that probable assureds will be better off by exercising caution and not taking any risks by indulging in a total disclosure. The decision in CTI v. Oceanus does not take into cognizance the basic nature of misrepresentation and non-disclosure as connoting something that vitiates consent, in this case the consent of the insurer. It becomes to accept that the consent of the insurer was vitiated and that consequently the contract should be avoided, if the insurer would have made the same contract on the same terms, despite the lack of misrepresentation or disclosure.

What did King Tut Represent to the Egyptians? :: ancient Egypt cuture and beliefs

King Tut wasn’t a famous pharaoh but he did have mighty power.have you ever wondered what King Tut ment to the egyptians. I know I sure do. What's interesting about this question is there’s many many theories but there is only one true answer. Many people don't know who King Tut was, why he has his own tomb or even is King Tut still a major part in Egyptian history. ("King Tut Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2013). King Tut the12th king of the 18th egyptian dynasty, he had the power from 1361 b.c.e to 1352 b.c.e. During his reign powerful advisers restored the traditional egyptian religion which had been set to the side by his foreigner Akhenaten who had led the â€Å"Amama Revolution.† After his death at age 18 he went missing from history until the discovery of his tomb in 1922. King tut was a weak child who ached from a cleft palate and club foot.He began ruling at the age of 9 due to the death of his father at the age of 5. His brother had already died and he was heir to the throne. He died at the age of 18 due to an infection in the leg. He was known as â€Å"The Boy King† because he became king at a young age.After he died, King Tut was mummified according to Egyptian religious tradition, which held that royal bodies should be preserved and provisioned for the afterlife. (Tutankhamun: The Boy Pharaoh." About.com egyptian History. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.) The infection turned into gangrene which at the end killed king tut. He’s known as â€Å"the boy king† because he was crowned at a young age.king tut was born in Akhetaten. before he was king(when he was prince) he was known as Tutankhaten. Taking the throne his name was Nebkheperure. King Tut didn’t expand Egypt’s borders or enjoy triumphant victories like many pharaohs that came before him.The birth name of Tutankhamun was Tutankhaten, which meant â€Å"Living Image of the Aten.† His father, which remains a mystery, is believed to be Akhenaten, although some evidence points to Amenhotep III.(Tutankhamun." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Dec. 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.) After he died, King Tut was mummified according to Egyptian religious tradition. The royal bodies have to be preserved and provisioned for the afterlife. So they put them into tombs.He had his own tomb because in their afterlife after they are mummified according to Egyptian religious beliefs and traditions.

Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay

Jean Genet’s Le Balcon (or The Balcony) is an absurdist play in which the main structure is the â€Å"philosophical battle between illusion and reality† (Savona 1983: 76) and this essay will investigate some of the levels of reality within an absurdist and existentialist context in Genet’s play. The play itself â€Å"offers a spectacularly theatrical exploration of the relationship between fantasy and reality† (Patterson 2005: 32) whilst also seeking â€Å"to negate reality itself† (Innes 2001: 438). Whilst also attempting to transform reality into a fantasy world in which its characters can escape the dismay of daily life, it is â€Å"also designed to be a moving play which†¦ keeps the audience aware that it is a play† they are watching and not allowing them to get lost in the world of illusion, fantasy and desire that the characters are trapped in (Reck 1962: 23). This echoes a technique used as part of Brecht’s Verfremdungseffekt, and by keeping the spectator at a critical distance, they become observers and thus can learn something about their own lives and the world in which they live. The play is set in Madame Irma’s Maison d’illusions (or house of illusions) which to the spectator is clearly a brothel, but not a brothel in the conventional sense. In the brothel, men of everyday walks of life (for example a plumber) act out sexual fantasies with the women that work there. Their sexual fantasies are by no means conventional either, for example the ‘clients’ of the brothel take on the personas of powerful men, namely a bishop, an executioner, a judge and a general. From the exposition of the play, it is unclear that the bishop isn’t actually a bishop as the costume, dialogue and action of the bishop are completely authentic aside from the fact that the powerful characters â€Å"tower over all the other actors as well as the audience† (McMahon 1963: 110). This is visually unrealistic and takes the spectator away from realism right from the onset, yet somehow draws them into this world of illusion. The sexual acts were intended by Genet to contain meaning and not to be realistic. They are merely projections, a series of images of man trapped in a hall of mirrors, not attempting to convey naturalism in the slightest (McMahon 1963: 176) and the characters’ â€Å"performance becomes reflections of reflections† (Innes 2001: 438). As Esslin states in his The Theatre of the Absurd, â€Å"there are no characters in the conventional sense†¦merely the images of basic urges and impulses† (Esslin 2001: 22). Image is of key importance in the play; it is everything â€Å"for the deeper one moves into images the less danger there will be of reality’s coming back to question the veracity of the images† (McMahon 1963: 162). One of the key themes of the play is the escape from reality, and as T. S Eliot wrote â€Å"human kind cannot bear much reality† (1964: 69), one of the fundamental messages Genet is trying to portray in his play. There is a strong sense of the actor merging with the character in The Balcony (Savona 1983: 86), or the character merging with the fantasy characters they attempt to portray in the brothel, or characters they so long to be, even for just an hour or so. This inauthentic relationship between reality and fantasy reflects human nature and life itself – we have all at some point aspired, or even wished that we could be someone else, someone with power or respect. However as McMahon suggests â€Å"there is no aspiration within the motivation of these people to be bishop, judge or general; the limit of their ambitions knows its range, and the cutting off point†¦is the thin line between pretence and reality† (1963: 160). The play takes a turn when the clients of the brothel are forced to take on the characters they are pretending to be for real. It is at this point that the illusion is destroyed and the men of everyday life no longer want the roles they are playing. For them, the roles are now too realistic and there is no escape from them – the relationship between reality and fantasy has become authentic. When the characters are acting out their roles in the real world, they are no longer comforted by their imagination; they are faced with the harsh reality of life, the one thing that they have sought to escape in the first place. This is reinforced by the fact the characters are reluctant to assist the chief of police and be â€Å"dragged from their dream world into the harshness and dangers of reality† (Thody 1970: 186-187). The revolution outside can be seen as a symbol of real life. â€Å"Were it not for the revolution, the various characters could continue to play their games in the enclosed a-historical atmosphere provided for them†¦but the revolution is there, and threatens at any moment to destroy their world of illusion completely† (Thody 1970: 179). During the play, various sounds of gunfire can be heard in the background of the scenes – A threat from the real world outside reminding the characters they have tried to escape life and whilst this may be successful for the hour they are in the brothel, real life is still going out outside. â€Å"Machine gun fire attempts to undermine the magic of illusion created and reflects Brecht’s distancing effect† (Savona 1983: 89). Once again Genet forces the spectator to remember that they are watching a play, but also when we all hide behind the facade of life, or try and escape reality, the real world is still very much at large in the background and we can’t ignore this! â€Å"The theme of illusion reaches its climax at the very end of the action, when Madame Irma comes to the front of the stage to remind the audience that they have, after all, only been watching a play† (Thody 1970: 185). The spectator is suddenly brought back to ‘the real word’ having witnessed actors playing characters, characters playing characters, characters playing people. The audience has taken the journey through Madam Irma’s ‘house of illusions’, and has been presented with a theatrical projection of humanity through many planes of reality. She tells the audience â€Å"you must now go home, where everything – you can be quite sure – will be falser than here†¦You must now go† (Genet 1966: 96). She has highlighted that as humans we have a tendency to hide behind the facade of life, to go along with what we are told and what we see, thus taking life for granted. We then think back to the characters in the play and realise how they are merely projections of ourselves. â€Å"Genet proclaims the illusion of reality and the reality of illusion† (Nelson 1963: 61). For the spectator and the characters â€Å"reality has become indiscernible from illusion† (Nelson 1963: 65) and the audience must ask themselves where does reality end and pretence begins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eliot, T. S. , Murder in the Cathedral (Fort Washington PA: Harvest Books, 1964) Esslin, Martin, The Theatre of the Absurd, 3rd Edition (London: Metheun, 2001). Genet, Jean, The Balcony (New York: Grove Press, 1966) Innes, Christopher, ‘Theatre After Two World Wars’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Theatre, ed. by John Russell Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 380-444. Macquarrie, John, Existentialism (Baltimore: Pelican Books, 1972) McMahon, Joseph H. , The Imagination of Jean Genet (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963) Nelson, Banjamin, ‘The Balcony and Parisian Existentialism’, The Tulane Drama Review, 7:3 (1963), 60-79. Oswald, Laura, Jean Genet and the Semiotics of Performance (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989) Patterson, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) Reck, Rima Drell, ‘Appearance and Reality in Genet’s Le Balcon’, The New Dramatists, 29:1 (1962), 20-25. Savona, Jeannette L. , Jean Genet (London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1983) Styan, J. L. , The English Stage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Thody, Philip, Jean Genet: A Study of His Novels and Plays (New York: Stein and Day, 1970).

Precision Worldwide, Inc Havard Case Study

SUBJECT: Precision Worldwide, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: My recommendation for Precision Worldwide, Inc. (PWI) is to immediately stop the production of steel rings. PWI then needs to sell the remaining steel rings to at least recoup some of their initial investment. In the meantime they should start producing, selling, and distributing plastic rings to their entire market of customers while attracting new customers who may prefer this new option. CONCLUSION: By changing their production offering to the plastic rings, PWI will create more profit which in turn will keep them ahead of competitors in the industry. The remaining 15,100 steel rings will have to be calculated as a sunk cost. With this new product offering, PWI will be able to acquire new clientele across the globe and still be able to maintain the loyalty of their existing patrons. RESULTS: When PWI sells 100 plastic rings, they are expected to make $838. 25 more in profit than the sale of 100 steel rings. It costs $1107. 90 to produce one hundred steel rings. When that is compared to creating a hundred plastic rings, which only costs $279. 65, it becomes more evident why PWI should switch their product line. Plastic rings are also more durable than their steel counterparts and ultimately a better product overall. APPENDIX: The choice that Precision Worldwide, Inc. must make can essentially â€Å"make or break† them. Hans Thorborg, the General Manager, faces a predicament with how to deal with their existing and the in process inventory. He also has to come to a decision regarding the materials that have been obtained for inventory but PWI did not have the chance to actually process them before the change was made. Before Thorborg can make a decision, there are three main factors that need to be taken into consideration: the opportunity costs, the product substitution, and sunken costs. I would recommend that Precision Worldwide, Inc. immediately start producing the plastic rings that were created by Bodo Eisenbach and halt the production of the steel rings. The sale and distribution of the plastic rings should begin immediately after to all of their branches so that way PWI can start earning profits as quickly as possible. PWI currently has a specialized inventory because the steel rings that they produced were made from a unique type of steel. There would be sunk costs that would ultimately come from the failure of PWI to sell back the specialized steel because of the same features that make the steel unique would in the end be the reason that they are difficult to resell. There is over $390,000 in estimated costs of the specialized unprocessed steel and the already completed rings, as well as steel rings that were a work in process. By immediately stopping production of the steel rings PWI will lose quite a bit of money, but in the long run they will be able to bring in a larger profit and more clientele with the production of the plastic rings. To minimize the amount of that Precision Worldwide, Inc. stands to lose (close to $400,000); they can raise its opportunity cost by bringing to an end the work in process of the specialized steel rings. During the production phase of the new plastic rings, PWI can try to sell all of the remaining steel rings that they have in stock. By doing so, they will be able to decrease the amount of money that they stand to lose when switching product lines. The new profit margin is $828. 25 per hundred rings (Cost of the steel rings $1,107. 90 minus cost of the plastic rings $279. 65). PWI has the potential to earn $1070. 35 per one hundred plastic rings because they are going to be sold at the same price as the steel rings $1350. By completing a product substitution, PWI will help reduce the debt and hopefully increase the amount of sales by generating new customers and maintaining the trust and loyalty of their current clientele. Due to the profit margin being over $1000/100 rings sold, PWI will be able to completely wipe out their debt in a matter of a few months. Although there will be competitors selling other plastic rings, they will be few and far between. PWI will be one of the first companies to sell it therefore obtaining more of the market share and becoming a leader in this field. The fact that PWI is worldwide will prove to be an advantage in generating new clientele in new areas by being the first to have the merchandise in their regions. By creating new clientele, PWI will produce larger profits and hopefully due to the quality of their product offerings, trust and loyalty in the new clientele. Company shareholders will also have more trust in PWI for making a wise decision and eventually increasing the value of their shares. Fortunately for PWI that the profit margin is high enough to offset the quantities of plastic rings that are sold. Since they are stronger and more durable than the steel rings, less plastic rings will be purchased. One of the reasons that Precision Worldwide, Inc. eeds to take the risk in producing the plastic rings is because they can afford to halt production of the steel rings. After taking into consideration their opportunity costs it would be the wisest decision for GM Thorborg to proceed with the production of plastic rings and immediately halt the production of the steel ones. PWI not only stands to bring in larger profits in the long term, they will also open the eyes of consumers who w ill soon become their clientele due to a better product offering APPENDIX: Fixed Overhead: Item Plastic Rings Steel Rings Material$17. 65$321. 90 Direct labor$65. 50$196. 50 Direct o/h $52. 40$157. 20 Total$135. 55$675. 60 Item Plastic RingsSteel Rings Profit Made (per 100 sold) $1,070. 35$232. 10 Life of Ring 8 Months 2 Months Steel profit x4 (plastic lifespan) $928. 40 Profit Difference $141. 95($141. 95) Total Revenue: Item Plastic Rings:Steel Rings: Profit per 100$1,350. 00 $1,350. 00 Cost per 100 $279. 65 $1,107. 90 Total $1070. 35$232. 10

Workmans comp is it worth it essays

Workmans comp is it worth it essays Do You Know Your Rights? Or Are You A Victim Of Workers Compensation! If you think the Workers Compensation insurance carrier is your friend, you are mistaken; you are just a Number to them. If you do not follow the correct steps, you can easily become the victim of Workers Compensation. Know your rights; get informed so you do not become a victim. Obtain a Lawyer and follow their advice because this could be your life; never think this cant happen to you because it could at any time. So be prepared. This is my experience. I got hurt on the job and I sought emergency medical treatment. You think everything is going to be ok, the results are in and you find out that you have a severe back injury, and you will be unable to return to work until you seek further treatment and Physical Therapy. You are confident that your medical bills will be taken care of and you will be paid for the time you are off from work. Should you be this confident, you would like to think so. You receive your first check only to find out you have only been paid 2/3 of your pay. Meanwhile you are still in pain and can not return to work yet. You keep seeking treatment and follow all your Doctors orders but you are progressing slowly. Then you receive a letter in the mail ordering you to see one of the Workers Compensations Doctors. The letter claims if you do not agree to see their Doctor your benefits will be revoked. So you oblige them and do as you are ordered, even though Workers Compensation is not too friendly anymore. You see Workers Compensations Doctor and he tells you that you still have an injury and that you are not completely healed. The Doctor orders an MRI and the tests reveal a few herniated disks that still are not healing. You bring the MRI (X-ray) to your Doctor and they want to refer you to a Specialist because of the slow improvements. While you are waiting ...

Of Mice and Mengood essays

Of Mice and Mengood essays The novel Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is about two men who are brought together and share few good times, such as each others company, and the more overwhelmingly the bad times. Both men fight the loneliness that was ramped during the Depression. The story begins in the foothills of Salinas, California, in the middle of the Great Depression. Here we meet two men, who are able to carry all of their possessions in a bindle, and are continually planning on how to get their own land and live off of the fat a da land. George, the mentally stronger of the two, tells his companion Lennie, how life is going to be on this piece of land. Lennie is constantly asking George to repeat his because it makes him feel good and this is understandable because Lennie has the mental capacity of a two year old. Before the two men are able to purchase this coveted piece of land that they are after, they need to save enough money. That is the reason they go to work on a barley ranch. This ranch wil l change their lives forever. While at the ranch, Lennie breaks the hand of the bosses son and then accidentally kills the wife of the son. After Lennie kills the woman, and other previous mishaps at previous jobs, George realizes that because of Lennies mental capability, or lack of it, Lennie will continue to hurt and maybe even kill other people. George decides to shoot Lennie in fear that if anyone else will get to him, that they will hurt him. Throughout this entire novel, there are many examples of loneliness. Steinbeck stresses the theme of loneliness through the characters of Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife. The first character Steinbeck uses to express loneliness in his book is Crooks. Crooks is a crippled, black, ranch hand. He became crippled when a horse kicked him in the back. Also, because of his skin color, he is never allowed in the other mens bunk to play cards or just hang out. Crooks is all alone in th ...

Entropy vs. Atrophy

Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy By Mark Nichol Entropy is the uncertainty or disorder in a system. In a technical sense, it is the gradual breakdown of energy and matter in the universe; in casual usage, it refers to degradation or disorder in any situation, or to chaos, disorganization, or randomness in general. The stem -tropy, from the Greek word trope, means â€Å"change† or â€Å"turn.† It’s easily confused with a similar-sounding but unrelated word: atrophy, which refers to physical or psychological decline: Atrophy, which serves as a verb as well, stems from the Greek word trephein, which means â€Å"to nourish†; the prefix a- indicates antonymic form, as in apolitical or atheism. Atrophy can also mean poor development or loss of a part of an animal or plant, and in that sense it’s related to dystrophy, which in general refers to a condition resulting from poor nutrition, though it’s more familiar as part of the phrase â€Å"muscular dystrophy†; that, by contrast, identifies a hereditary disease that results in wasting away of muscle tissue. Trophy, however, meaning â€Å"a prize† or â€Å"a memorial,† is despite the ph spelling from trope, not trephein. (It evolved from a second sense of trope as â€Å"a rout, a victory.†) It’s related, therefore, to the English word trope, which refers to a figure of speech or a clichà © (a â€Å"turn† of phrase); the primary sense of that word is â€Å"a device or theme,† as in a common and perhaps trite plot element in a war movie or a tearjerker. Trop- features at the head of other words, too: tropic, referring to the two parallel lines of latitude that cross over the tropics, and tropism, which means â€Å"a tendency, inclination, or propensity.† The syllable also appears in numerous medical and scientific terms, such as autotropism and somatotropin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

System analysis and design Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System analysis and design - Article Example On this basis, this paper focuses on analysis and critique of the functional and non-functional features of a sample information system via an account of petrol station sales management system. A water flow and entity relationship diagram used in the development of the proposed system has provided the basis of the whole analysis process (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). The second phase, requirements specification, is clearly a very positive move in the strategic presentation of the system since it aided in ensuring that the right functional requirements were gathered. This information is highly fundamental in ensuring that this information system is efficient enough in performing the expected functionalities. The design process was about creation of graphical presentations of the targeted system. Implementation phase engrosses development of small independent modules of code that offered unique but related functionalities. In testing and integration, the individual modules were put together into one coherent component and then tested against the design diagrams. Lastly but certainly not the least, the operations and maintenance phase proved to be very important in the development of the Information system. Not only did this phase aid in delivering the final system but also played a huge in adding and removing features that had been spotted as erroneous (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). It is vital to note that, although, the waterfall model offered a clear view and presentation of the system development process; it still delivered a considerable set of challenges. One of the most crucial challenges is that all the errors and omissions can only be rectified at the operations and maintenance phase (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). For any system development process to be successful, users have to be widely involved in the whole development process. However, in this methodology (waterfall), users are only involved

Tesla Motors (TSLA) case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tesla Motors (TSLA) - Case Study Example However, it had an upper hand over the other machines owing to the fact that the car did not emit gaseous waste products to the atmosphere, as it relied solely on electricity for power up and performance (Gregersen, 2014). One major reason for the invention of the electric cars is that oil is a commodity, whose availability may be limited by the year 2020. Oil is slowly but drastically becoming a depleting source of renewable energy (El Deeb et al, 2014). As at today, Tesla Motors has grown to produce two models of these electric vehicles namely, The Tesla Roadster and Models S. There are plans however, that are underway to produce a third model, Model X by around 2015 (Ggrabianowski). In addition to these electric cars, Tesla has gone an extra mile of creating charging points at strategic locations especially in North America, Europe and Asia. In those areas, owners of such vehicles could charge these Tesla vehicles for free. Despite the fact that the company enjoys a great name for their innovations, economic analysts have on the contrary predicted that the company will contradictorily witness a decrease by 297.06% in total earnings this year. â€Å"Tesla motors design and sells high- performance; highly efficient electric sports cars which do not compromise the customers in any way. Tesla motor cars combine style, acceleration and handling with advanced technologies, which make them among the quickest and the most energy- efficient cars on the road† (El Deeb et al, 2014, pg 3). The management has close to twenty senior employees that run the whole company with Elon Musk as the CEO. He is an experienced CEO with strong managerial background, and he is believed to be recruiting only the best employees around into the firm. The sports cars manufacture takes place in California, where less than  ¼ of the company factory is used to produce just but a single model. Hence, the managing team boasts of enough space to allow for newer models of Tesla motors.

An investment opportunity from global warming Essay

An investment opportunity from global warming - Essay Example As mentioned beforehand, majority of the Americans and possibly people around the world believe that "global warming" is at our midst. Proof of this is the menagerie of international treaties which seek to encourage clean technologies and reduce carbon emissions, which is considered to be a major mitigation of "global warming". Let us take the Kyoto Protocol as an example. This treaty is the offshoot of the UNFCCC and is the primary international agreement on combating climate change. The United States did not ratify this protocol, which probably fans the guilt that must be felt if we are talking about the American market. Reporting for CNN Money, Chris Taylor also listed a Silicon Valley company by the name of Planktos which was bought by Vancouver's Solar Energy Ltd. for $1.3 million. The company is testing a technology that would dump huge quantities of carbon-eating phytoplankton algae in the ocean and sell the resulting credits to European countries that can't cut their carbon dioxide emissions enough to meet Kyoto targets. Moreover, Sustainability Advantage author Willard cited a 66% increase in profit on average for small and medium-sized companies which adopted environment-minded practices due to better market share among other factors. A business investing in clean technology will be most likely successful due to two important factors. First, the public policies are friendly and governments will most likely offer incentives for the business. Second, and most importantly, there is significant market share out there and the demand is not merely created.

Ethics of Biological Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics of Biological Warfare - Essay Example Contemporary wars are characterized by the use of biochemical and nuclear weapons rather than manual force. Thus, contemporary wars have erupted on all levels ranging from domestic to international. The increase of knowledge in such fields as nuclear physics, chemistry, biology and radiology has generated a fear among the scientists about the potential of the modified pathogens to comprise overwhelming agents for the warfare. This paper briefly discusses the history of warfare and the ethics of science’s role in the advancement of modern warfare in general and the chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) warfare in particular. The evolution of all sorts of weaponry can fundamentally be attributed to the dual-use dilemma. Researchers may not be intending to develop something potentially harmful, yet they assume great tendency to do so while experimenting with noble intentions. A research done in 2001 demonstrates the dual-use dilemma. In this research, the researc hers’ efforts were directed at creating a contraceptive vaccine for the pest control, but on their way, researchers ended up developing a bioweapon. Australian researchers hypothesized that introducing a gene that creates large amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) into mice would stimulate antibodies against mouse eggs and render the animals infertile†¦The scientists chose a benign mousepox virus†¦[that] killed all of the mice in the study. IL-4 suppressed the immune system, making it unable to fight the mousepox virus. With no defensive launched by the immune system the virus was 100 percent lethal. The virus was significantly lethal even in mice vaccinated against this particular strain of mousepox. (Nowak cited in Reyes). The same technique can be used for the humans since the human smallpox is equivalent to the virus of the mousepox. Before getting their research report published, the Australian researchers seeked guidance from Australia’s Department of Defenc e regarding their proceedings. Jackson, one of the researchers said, â€Å"We wanted to warn the general population that this potentially dangerous technology is available. We wanted to make it clear to the scientific community that they should be careful, that it is not too difficult to create severe organisms† (Jackson cited in Nowak). This also speaks of the fact that many techniques have been brought to the attention of the concerned parties by the scientists with the positive intention of warning them against such experiments. It is hard to justify the development of nuclear weaponry by any standard of ethics until one country developed it for the first time. In the current circumstances, its development is inevitable given some countries that possess nuclear weapons can not be allowed to rule the world just because other countries don’t have them. Countries need nuclear weapons not because they want to attack others, but because they need to be sufficient in thei r self-defense. A nuclear war does not make anyone succeed as long as both the countries are in possession of the nuclear weapons. Even if not suddenly, many abnormalities show up eventually. Citizens of Heroshema and Nagasaki have retained the effects of nuclear war in their genes and many have thus lost the tendency to give birth to normal children. International treaties to outlaw the biological weapons have surfaced from time to time first in 1925 and then

Technology works on artworks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology works on artworks - Research Paper Example This essay seeks to shed light on some of the artworks done by Andison, an artist of Canadian origin. Through these, together with the themes therein, it will be discovered that text, as a form of art, is not exactly or entirely what Plato Socrates made it look like. Art as we all know is a piece of creative representation of thoughts and ideas either in form of text or images, with the intention of communicating something to the viewers. According to Plato’s Socrates, art is inhuman, artificial and very much away from reality art. This includes text. On the other hand when we study the works of Andison, it’s trying to counter the theory of Plato. It is showing the flexibility and how human and real art is. Basing our arguments on the contrast brought out by Andison about the opinion of Plato, we can have different opinions as well about the reality of art. It is so clear from an artist point of view that what matters the most is how the work of art is interpreted considering each detail of the information given either through texts or any other artistic work. In the heartbreak scrabble game, Andison is trying to bring out the fact that art is flexible contrary to Plato who thinks that any written word or piece text is rigid. It is showing how one can derive many words from the word heartbreak. By sliding the tiles of this scrabble we see the freedom which comes along with art inform of a text. She is also using a text to prove that text is not dead, this is shown by how imaginary one becomes on sliding the tiles of the scrabble. This means that a single text can grow. This is also clearly brought out by the piece showing a woman in a flower garden. It is through this that we can derive different meanings and of what the artist is communicating. It brings different imaginations and different feelings on viewing it. From the word game, â€Å"heartbreaking†, it can also be seen that art is human, contrary to

Annotated Bib Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bib - Annotated Bibliography Example Study asserted that the impact of violence affected human resources, their employment, and their economic activities, thus, resulting to losses in the gross domestic products (GDP). Power fixes the outcome of political decisions. The theory of political movements illustrated that those who are able to wield power imposes to opponent the strategy that must be adopted. As such, the underpowered is compelled to comply terms or be punished. Dobbs argued that Cuban missile crisis is a case of presidential power and security management. He argued that the issue is better understood within the context of the limits of presidential power and of crisis management. Since this involved nations, it is personality-based politics is significant for negotiations. 8. Blight, J. (2004).The Cuban Missile Crisis: Considering its Place in Cold War History. Choices for the 21st Century Education Program. Watson Institute for International Studies. Brown University. pp 1-55. The world was almost unleashing nuclear war amid Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. The United States under former president John F. Kennedy discovered the weapons by the use of U-2 spy planes which created tensions between Americans, Cubans and Soviets. The document proposed recommended readings for academic studies. Good for

Technology works on artworks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology works on artworks - Research Paper Example This essay seeks to shed light on some of the artworks done by Andison, an artist of Canadian origin. Through these, together with the themes therein, it will be discovered that text, as a form of art, is not exactly or entirely what Plato Socrates made it look like. Art as we all know is a piece of creative representation of thoughts and ideas either in form of text or images, with the intention of communicating something to the viewers. According to Plato’s Socrates, art is inhuman, artificial and very much away from reality art. This includes text. On the other hand when we study the works of Andison, it’s trying to counter the theory of Plato. It is showing the flexibility and how human and real art is. Basing our arguments on the contrast brought out by Andison about the opinion of Plato, we can have different opinions as well about the reality of art. It is so clear from an artist point of view that what matters the most is how the work of art is interpreted considering each detail of the information given either through texts or any other artistic work. In the heartbreak scrabble game, Andison is trying to bring out the fact that art is flexible contrary to Plato who thinks that any written word or piece text is rigid. It is showing how one can derive many words from the word heartbreak. By sliding the tiles of this scrabble we see the freedom which comes along with art inform of a text. She is also using a text to prove that text is not dead, this is shown by how imaginary one becomes on sliding the tiles of the scrabble. This means that a single text can grow. This is also clearly brought out by the piece showing a woman in a flower garden. It is through this that we can derive different meanings and of what the artist is communicating. It brings different imaginations and different feelings on viewing it. From the word game, â€Å"heartbreaking†, it can also be seen that art is human, contrary to

African-American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

African-American history - Essay Example In Chesapeake, the slave trade took place to flourish the growth of rice and tobacco. The growing appetite for tobacco in Europe encouraged plantation farmers to purchase more slaves who would work on their farms. The slaves at first were white. However, white indentured servants were difficult to tame. This was because they spoke the same language as their masters. The indentured servants were weaker and would die in a year’s time. The thirst of making more money triggered the rich in the society to look for black people to work in their farms. The blacks were more productive and easier to tame. This is because they did not speak the same language. The blacks would share the same land with native Indians where they experienced hostile treatment. Due to price instability, the economy would suffer long depressions. Again the wealthy needed to maintain their lifestyle they then started planning on how to evict the Indians and black from the segregated land they occupied. Black p eople however began to intermarry with white women leading to their freedom from oppression. Thus, leading to a slave population which outnumbered the inhabitants In Georgia, the slave trade was a booming business. The slave would either work as slaves in plantations while women slave worked in their master’s houses as servants. It is in Georgia where slave trade was abolished. The reason for the petition is to encourage humane living conditions. Later the elite in the society appealed to the courts and convinced them the need for the slave trade. Owing to the heavy reliance on agriculture minus the slave labor, the economy of the province would collapse. Slave trade later became legal. Slave trade flourished again because of Eli White cotton gin invention. The southern county heavily relied on gin sales o the north. In both cases, slaves were held against their wish. They would be forced to work on large farmsteads for little or

The term Civilization Essay Example for Free

The term Civilization Essay Civilizations are complex societies with cities, government, art, architecture, religion, class divisions and writing systems. To uphold an effective civilization, cultural diffusion, farming and writing with a spoken language are essential. Cultural diffusion is a key element to maintaining a complex civilization. When people from different civilizations came into contact with one another, they learned from one another. They would learn how other people from different societies did things and all their different and new inventions. They would bring this new understanding back to their cities and villages, which usually brought them back security and prosperity for the future. The transition from hunting and gathering to farming was a huge factor in a well-held civilization. This change was known as the Neolithic Age. Farming at this time gave people an appointed community and an abundance of food. Farmers were able to gather into a heap more occupations than their hunter and gatherer ancestors. This is because they stayed in one place and didn’t have to go and search for a food source. Farmers had to develop new tools to farm effectively. They had to keep track of their crops and also protect them. Mesopotamians commerced and operated in large cities and towns. They depended on irrigation farming and trade was a big way with archaeology. The rule for the Mesopotamians was patriarchy. Women usually ruled over men in this ancient society. Hebrews played a small role in trade between the Nile and the Mediterranean. Their economy was pastoral. Ancient civilizations helped discover a lot of what the world is today. Cultural diffusion, the transition from hunting and gathering to farming and ancient society made a huge impact from ancient civilizations to today’s society.

Fighting For Our Love Ones Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s world, most families have a love one struggling to live with cancer, HIV, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. Most of us, here in the United States, have watched a love one endure the pain of chemotherapy, uncontrollable muscle spasms, or blindness. Our love ones not only suffer physical pain, but mental anguish as well. Our dying loves ones are at war with our Federal Government. They are fighting for a chance at a better quality of life. They are fighting for the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Until marijuana is legalized for medical use, our love ones are forced to break the law. "†¦my gift to my husband, John Joseph who died last year. At the end of his life, my husband was wracked with pain from lung cancer. Marijuana was one medication that eased his intense pain, and nausea during chemotherapy. But, to get marijuana to help JJ, we had to break the law. †¦my husband’s ability to tolerate chemotherapy after a couple of puffs of marijuana extended his life and improved his quality of life (1)." That was an excerpt from a letter written by Anne Boyce to the voters of California for the passage of Proposition 215. In 1996, Proposition 215 was a proposed legislation in California that makes it legal for doctors to prescribe marijuana to terminally ill patients. Proposition 215 was passed by the voters of California, but patients who use marijuana could still and are prosecuted by our Federal Government. Anne Boyce broke the law in order to obtain marijuana for her dying husband. Anne Boyce, a sixty-seven year old Registered Nurse, is not your typical criminal, now is she? Nevertheless, if Anne Boyce was caught by the law enforcement, she would be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Federally, possession of even one joint carries a maximum penalty of one year in prison (7). Cultivation of even one plant is a felony, with a maximum sentence of five years (7). Is this fair? Anne Boyce and others like her are law-abiding citizens, but they or someone they love are suffering from a grave illness, and legal pharmaceuticals do not ease the pain. So, they are force to break the law. Wouldn’t you do the same for your love one? I know I would. There is a need for a change. "I often drove her to the ho... ...he new millenium, the United States is well equipped with technology to address and to solve these problems. How can we help our love ones deal with the pain and agony of a deadly disease? How can we improve the quality of their lives? The answer is simple. Marijuana has been proven to be therapeutic, to have countless medical benefits, and to be remarkably safe. The medical use of marijuana needs to be legalized. It would be monitored just like any other controlled substance. This solution is easy. Legalizing marijuana would go through the same procedure as the other medically prescribed substance. It is up to us. We, the people of America, need to follow in the footsteps of Anne Boyce as well as the voters of California. We need to write to our Congressmen. Let our Senators and our Representatives know of our wishes, our rights. We need to talk a stand. Follow the advice of a once great President, Thomas Jefferson, who once said "if people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be as in sorry state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny."

Stress in College :: Education, Generation Me

Stress in College Every person will experience some degree of stress in his or her life. Stress can be healthy. Stress can make a person feel hopeless, helpless, and powerless. Constant worry about problems can cause a diversity of physical symptoms. Some people face stress more than others do. College students deal with stress each stage of courses. Gender, age, and finance is a major influence on how a person experience stress in college. Bettina (2001) conducted research on stress stating, ‘’coping strategies used by adolescents prove that boys use more problems oriented, and direct action approaches to stress. Bettina (2001) says, ‘’Girls use passive and seeking strategies to cope with stress’’. Women like to talk about their stress with others and try to find friends to be of assistance to them. Men will put unwanted energy into doing energetic things similar to sports, working or television. In the majority of households, girls are encouraged to converse feelings more than boys. Venting to someone can help keep away from the sensation that stress is overpowering. Aid-win, Sutton,and Lachman (1996) studied whether stressful episodes provide content to the development of coping resources and reported,’’ 81.9% of men reported solving recent problems by using prior coping strategies gained through encountering problems in their lives, work, and family’’. As a person gets older, he or she is capable to cope with stress better. An older person will find ways to minimize excitement and energy levels. A returning student, will tend to know exactly what he or she wants to do with his or her future. Having insight into your future makes a person more focus. Returning students do not have the need to quench any curiosity with doing anything that will stray from their vision. When a student is eighteen years old recently out of high school, your mentality is different. A younger student is not sure of what he or wants to do. A new student becomes very curious, with new a found freedom. New students tend to feel as if he or she were on top of the world and life will just get easier after high Stress in College :: Education, Generation Me Stress in College Every person will experience some degree of stress in his or her life. Stress can be healthy. Stress can make a person feel hopeless, helpless, and powerless. Constant worry about problems can cause a diversity of physical symptoms. Some people face stress more than others do. College students deal with stress each stage of courses. Gender, age, and finance is a major influence on how a person experience stress in college. Bettina (2001) conducted research on stress stating, ‘’coping strategies used by adolescents prove that boys use more problems oriented, and direct action approaches to stress. Bettina (2001) says, ‘’Girls use passive and seeking strategies to cope with stress’’. Women like to talk about their stress with others and try to find friends to be of assistance to them. Men will put unwanted energy into doing energetic things similar to sports, working or television. In the majority of households, girls are encouraged to converse feelings more than boys. Venting to someone can help keep away from the sensation that stress is overpowering. Aid-win, Sutton,and Lachman (1996) studied whether stressful episodes provide content to the development of coping resources and reported,’’ 81.9% of men reported solving recent problems by using prior coping strategies gained through encountering problems in their lives, work, and family’’. As a person gets older, he or she is capable to cope with stress better. An older person will find ways to minimize excitement and energy levels. A returning student, will tend to know exactly what he or she wants to do with his or her future. Having insight into your future makes a person more focus. Returning students do not have the need to quench any curiosity with doing anything that will stray from their vision. When a student is eighteen years old recently out of high school, your mentality is different. A younger student is not sure of what he or wants to do. A new student becomes very curious, with new a found freedom. New students tend to feel as if he or she were on top of the world and life will just get easier after high

Family Finance Essay

Doing a budget for my family or even for personal use is not a new experience for me. At a very young age, I was taught by my parents how to wisely manage my money so that I would have something to pull out in case I encounter emergency situations. I carried this on until adulthood and have been making budgets every now and then to make sure that my finances will be enough to cover my bills and other activities that need spending. †¢ What did you learn about credit card debt paying the minimum payment? I have been using credit cards for years now and I just realized, through this activity, that I know very little about the whole process. I thought that paying the minimum payment of my credit card bill will lessen my financial burdens. However, it only made things worse because of the interest it gained every month that I was not able to pay the whole balance. Banks do not properly educate their clients regarding these interests. They expect their clients to understand the terms and conditions that are written at the back of their forms like these contain terms that are easy to understand. †¢ Why is having emergency money in a savings account important? It is important to have emergency money in a savings account because this would mean that a person will have something to pull out when he or she encounters tight situations involving money. A person, even with a planned budget, can inevitably overspend at times. There are also instances when he or she will encounter situations wherein he or she would have to shell out a large amount of money. In these cases, it is always better to have extra money in one’s savings account to avoid the hassle of borrowing from others or from financial institutions. Borrowing from friends or relatives would be easy because they will most likely lend the person the money that he or she needs, at times without even asking any questions. The case would be different in banks because this would require a great deal of process before the load would be approved. In addition, the person would suffer from the interests that the bank will place on him or her, which will depend on how much the loan will be. Instead of making people’s lives easier, loaning from financial institutions can become a nightmare. †¢ What is a credit score? What are the major credit reporting agencies? A credit score is a â€Å"number generated by a mathematical algorithm based on information in a person’s credit report† (Curry, n.d.). This score is used by lending agencies to decide whether to lend the borrower the money that he or she requests or not. It is therefore important to have an ideal credit score. The ideal credit score is about 720 or higher but most people will score 600 to 800 (Curry, n.d.). A good credit score will allow the person to borrow money easily and to have low interest rates. Financial institutions can also use this information to decide whether to increase a person’s interest rate or increase his or her credit limit. There are three major credit reporting agencies and these include Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. †¢ What can occur if you are a victim of identity theft? â€Å"Identity theft consists of stealing another person’s identifying information and using the information to take money or make purchases† (Bergman, Berman-Barrett, & Berman, 2008, p.293). The sad thing here is that these purchases that thieves would make becomes the responsibility of the victim. Worse, the victim’s reputation will be put to risk because it is his or her name that is being used by the perpetrator. It can take several days or weeks to clear one’s name in companies and establishments, especially in financial institutions because the person would have to prove that his or her identity was stolen. Section Two †¢ During premarital counseling, what can individuals learn about finances? Premarital counseling is important for couples to take before getting married because this would prepare them for the different issues that they may encounter in their married life. One of the many issues that they have to be prepared about is their finances. They will learn how to keep track of their finances. They will learn how to budget and stick to their financial limits so that they do not go overboard. If they own debts at the time of counseling, they will realize that they should pay these off so that they can start clean before getting married. They also need to open a savings plan for rainy days. Also, they need to have a retirement investment fund so that they do not have to worry when the time comes that they need to retire. †¢ How does understanding finances help with a relationship, in particular, within a marriage relationship? One of the major problems that couples face in their married life is their finances. More often than not, this is the cause of divorce or separation. Understanding their finances will help them realize the steps that they need to take in order for them to not experience money troubles. They will realize that they need to work together and not independently to be able to save and have enough money for their family. If they understood their financial status and the things that they have to do in order for them to have a good financial stats, it is most likely that they will also understand each other and have better relationship. †¢ Is it possible for finances to lead a marriage to divorce? As mentioned above, it is possible that financial problems can lead a marriage to divorce. There are times when a person who feels that the other is not exerting enough effort to support the whole family financially will decide that it is better to separate than to live with financial burdens. There are times when money matters are the cause of regular fights, especially if one makes more money than the other. Divorce can happen if couples do not talk about their financial status and try to come up with solutions for their problems. †¢ Do children have an impact on finances? Having children do have an impact on finances as compared to couples living with only the two of them together. Children would mean that the couple would have to budget for clothes, food, toys, education, and other activities to support their growth and development. It would also mean that the couple would have to save in case of emergency like hospital emergencies and the like.

Pride and Prejudice vs Bride and Prejudice Essay

More than a change of One LetterThe film, Pride and Prejudice directed by Joe Wright, had more of a natural tone setting and feeling to it. The scenery really draws the audience in by nature and the assumed innocence of the characters. Bride and Prejudice directed by Gurinder Chadha, is considered to be a Bollywood style movie. Bride†¦ had a complete makeover of Pride†¦ with an Indian traditional style twist. The main characters in both films were Lizzie (Lalita in Bride†¦) and Darcy. Both films were shot on location in the United Kingdom; with a few shots of Bride†¦ shot in the United States. The director used a lot of colors and symbolism in this movie. After reviewing both films, the claim about marriage became very evident that marriage can be beneficial to everyone involved. Women of the society in Lizzie and Latlita’s time were greatly disadvantaged compared to men. These factors put the women in a situation were they had to find a wealthy man who then becomes their economic salvation. Marriage was a condition which was seen as the most important act in a women’s life in their society. The woman was seen as being successful if she was married to a wealth bachelor. The unmarried women were considered of lower status to married women and were doomed to the unhappy life of being a governess. The prime example of this would be the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins in Pride†¦. Charlotte is in a frantic need of financial security that she is willing to obliterate her own life by marrying a arrogant butthole like Mr. Collins. Charlotte knows she is not getting any younger, so her chance of marriage is slim to none. She knew that Mr. Collins was her last chance. She married for status and went in with her eyes open. She hopes that with his character, connections, and circumstances, that her chance of happiness with him is fair (Pride†¦). Clearly there is no love between them. Charlotte suffers in tormented silence in her marriage and can be seen when she and Mr. Collins went to visit Lady Catherine. Lalita had a friend to marry a native Indian that now lived in the United States. Her marriage was the same as Charlotte’s. She married him for the benefits, not for love. The marriage between Lydia and Wickham is seen as a false marriage because it is purely based on passion; there is no reason behind their relationship.  The passion came from lust, good looks, and youthful energy. This marriage is another ploy to show how important marriage was to the people in that society. Lydia and Wickham had created a shocking scandal that reflected on Lydia and her family. The only way that she and the Bennet family could redeem their respect was for Lydia and Wickham to get married. The major conflict of this union is if Wickham decided leave her and marry someone else, Lydia would have been disgraced and would never be thought of as marriage material again. The marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth reveals the characteristics which constitute a successful marriage based on love and desire. Elizabeth is an example of a woman who does not believe in marrying for money or passion. This is shown by her turning down Mr. Collins proposal which would have insured her financial security but not happiness. â€Å"I am perfectly serious in my refusal. – You could not make me happy.† (Pride†¦) One of the uniqueness of the success of Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s marriage is the fact that they had the time to get to know each other. It was not a rushed married like that of Lydia and Wickham’s but was rather one of mutual understanding, respect and love. This marriage shows the importance of fully knowing one’s mate before marriage. Jane and Bingley’s marriage represents a healthy marriage. Jane was very much a lady and desired to be pursued. She did not run after Bingley when she thought he had moved to London permanently. Jane and Bingley also had the period of courtship where they got to know each other and realized that they were compatibly. Their mutual understanding and similarities was the foundation of their relationship and will lead them to a happy and everlasting marriage. Another marriage that sticks out to me is the one of their parents. In both films, the mothers were very over bearing. It is apparent that their marriages were arranged. There seemed to be no affection, love or emotions towards one another. This is a good enough example for Jane and Lizzie to want more out of their marriages. The husbands learned quickly to be quiet when it came many different affairs. The father in Pride†¦ remained quiet  until he could not take it anymore and had to defend his daughter’s honor. These five marriages contribute to understanding that a happy and strong marriage takes time to build and must be based on mutual feelings and respect. Hasty marriages acting on impulse, and based on superficial qualities will not survive and will lead to inevitable unhappiness. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen has denounced the elements of marriage that she found distasteful, affirming that a loving and committed relationship is privileged in her eyes. Perhaps, this is the reason she never wed, for she was not at a loss for suitors. Did she spend her life waiting for her one true love that never appeared? Works Cited Bride & Prejudice (2004 film).† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 9 Nov 2007, 04:19 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 13 Nov 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_and_Prejudice&oldid=170257845. Pride & Prejudice (2005 film).† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Nov 2007, 02:21 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 9 Nov 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_%26_Prejudice_%282005_film%29&oldid=169756807. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361411/http://movies.about.com/od/prideandprejudice/a/pride111005.htmhttp://www.prideandprejudice.net

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay

The Exclusionary Rule was designed to exclude evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures by law enforcement personnel. If the search of a criminal suspect is searched unreasonable, the evidence obtained in the search will be excluded from trial. The Exclusionary Rule is a court made rule it is not in any of the statutes, it was not created by the Legislative bodies but rather by the United States Supreme Court. The Exclusionary Rule applies to the federal courts by virtue of the Fourth Amendment. Police misconduct plays a key role the rule and if there wasn’t misconduct within our police department the Exclusionary Rule would not exist today. The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule go hand in hand; the 4th Amendment protects us from unreasonable (illegal) search and seizures and if there is evidence steaming from a violation of the 4th Amendment then that evidence ikest thrown completely out of the trial. The rule mostly is there tas the enforcer on the government, the Exclusionary Rule was introduced by the Supreme Court in 1914 from the case Weeks v. United States. I think that the rule does not need to be abolished because the government should be held accountable for their actions; even though the government is a system divided. I think that we the people are held accountable in the court of law then it is only right they are too. Have you ever taken a leap in good faith? Well, the Exclusionary Rule has a good faith exception And it provides that when an honest mistake is made during the course of a search and seizure any subsequently obtained evidence will be considered admissible. (Worrall, 2012) I think some things could be updated not only in the criminal justice system but the Constitution and statutes. The judges are given absolute immunity protecting them from any of their decisions and the prosecutors are given qualified ammunity References www.findlaw.com www.studymode.com Criminal Procedure John Worrall, (2012)

Thrift's Notion of Fast Subjectivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Thrift's Notion of Fast Subjectivity - Essay Example As a result, it leads to improved performance in the work place (Adler, 2007). Adler illustrates that once the organization culture has been established it influences individuals’ performance in terms of their perceptions, attitudes, and how they perform within the organization. It also guides the selection of suitable items that can be used in the improvement of work within the organization. To understand organizational culture, it is important to note that culture is not an attribute of a personality who has the same education, and life experiences (Armstrong, 2006). Research indicates that most HR management around the world experience different cultural practices within the organization that can influence organizational management (Sonja &Philips, 2004). Individualism and collectivism refers to the way people interact within an organization and how they relate in order to, improve organizational performance. Motivation is grouped into three dimensions; masculinity and femi ninity amount of uncertainty, power distance and avoidance. Masculinity and femininity refer to the distribution of roles in terms of gender, a factor that has caused a myriad of problems within the society. Women tend to be attracted to social relationships, while the male are more attached to ego goals and acquisition of money and property, and masculinity stands for a society in which the male are the dominant members in terms of their roles. Arthur, (2004) argues that, femininity, on the other hand, stands for the gender roles that overlap each other. HRM is an explanation for humans who are Homo sapiens while, social animal’s recourses stand for human physical financial and technical information (Black, 2002). Management stands for functions of planning, organizational planning and management of organizational available resources. Human resources plan is a systematic process that, ensures that the staff is organized in such a manner that, they are grouped in terms of tal ent and capabilities. Human resource management is the term used to elaborate official systems constructed for the management of people within an organization. HRM responsibilities are generally divided into three areas of management; staffing, employee compensation, and defining and designing work within the organization. Green (2009) indicates that the purpose of HRM is to improve on the productivity of an organization by considering the effectiveness of its employees. Within an organization, the main role of HRM is to improve the staff members productive contribution to the organization in such a way that it is more productive and strategic, ethically, and socially responsible. In an organization, human resource management planning includes all the plans organized by the HRM. The plans ensures that the organization does have sufficient staff members who are qualified, and do perform their duties well to improve performance in the organization. There are five phases of HRM plannin g system. They include designing the management systems, conducting situational analysis, focus on demand, analysis supply, and lastly reconciliation and further planning in the organization (Johnston, 2006). According to Edward & Gubman (2006) as observed in the Journal of Business Strategy, the basic role of human resources is to acquire, develop, and maintain talent. They also align the

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate Essay

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate course, any relevant experience, skills and attributes and my long term goal - Essay Example The core purpose of taking this course is to equip myself with the required knowledge and skills of international business. The two important skills are management of diverse workforce (Barak, 2011) and adaptation of business with international laws and the regulations of respective country in which businesses are going to be operated. The knowledge about cross cultural issues is also important. My long term goal is to attain a professionally sound career in an international organisation having prestige in its target market. In order to prove myself capable of such organisation, I need to groom myself accordingly. I should have information about the policies of international organisations and their working styles. I should have an updated knowledge bank about the international trade laws, labour laws and integration practices. I should also have strong communication and interpersonal skills to survive effectively in the diverse challenging environment (Schermerhorn,

Intrapersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Intrapersonal Communication - Essay Example Intrapersonal communication serves as the foundation for interpersonal communication since interpersonal communication involves intrapersonal communication. It is when another person is considered in the transaction, it is that interpersonal communication takes place. Conversation, dialogue and interview are examples of this level of communication. Another form of interpersonal communication is that which occurs within a group of persons (examples of this are focused group discussions, symposium, and debate). It may also be for a group of persons or commonly known as public communication. These communicative acts may be conducted in a face-to-face situation in a specific context or situation, or with the intervention of a medium, such as the television, radio, etc. The latter form or level of communication refers to mass communication. Individuals engage in a communicative act for several reasons, namely: to get acquainted with others, to express emotions to others, to share information, to influence others' views or to build relationships. In a sense when individuals communicate, a common ground is established, where personal differences such as point of views meet. Hence we can say that communication is inevitable and vital for everyone's existence. We engage in a communicative act whether we like it or not, hence it is essential that we understand the different elements involved in the communication process. This paper will delve much on the interpersonal level of communication. Some the techniques or interpersonal skills that will help an individual to be a more sensible communicator ensuring an active exchange of ideas hence, promoting a stronger and deeper relationship with other individuals involve in the transaction or the communicative act will be discussed along the way. After giving you a brief explanation on the different levels of communication and the functions that communication serve in human existence, we shall now go into the details of the interpersonal level of communication. Interpersonal communication is humanity's most important characteristic and its greatest accomplishment. It is an individual's ability to turn meaningless grunts into spoken and written words, through which they are able to make known their needs, wants, ideas and feelings. It is a process aimed at creating a

Operations Management - Cruise Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Operations Management - Cruise Inc - Case Study Example Every section of the cruise is productive for the firm either through the direct or indirect way of generating revenue. This productivity of the firm can be measured from the earning from each activity carried out on the cruise by analyzing the travel partner performances, analyzing the cost of sale for the firm and also analyzing the trend of the ticket booking. Analyzing these sections of the firm gives a better understanding of the financial condition of the company. The EBITDA of NCL improved a lot from $6.6 million to $37.4 million in the fourth quarter and a huge increment of over the year from $228.1 million to $324.1 million in the year 2009 (NCL, 2011). Since EBITDA don’t include interest expenses, income taxes and amortization it can also be a good addition if the additional elements are calculated for more accurate productivity measurement. Describe the service package offered by NCL to its customers. Visit the â€Å"Life Onboard† section of several cruise line websites and the insight provided by the film, â€Å"Cruise Inc† to gain a better understanding of service packages offered by cruise lines. The service packages offered by Norwegian Cruise Line ranges from high premium class to the economic class to attract all types of customer, especially who have not experienced their journey on a cruise in their life. The ‘Free Style’ introduced in the year 2000 from the company attracts each and every people of the society to avail the service with a huge collection of services and entertainment for the customers on the cruise. The resort vacation experience of the customer on the cruise is the major attraction for the customers. The cabin rates of NCL Pearl ranges from $35 to $2000 per day for each person on the cruise depicts the strategy from the company how they implemented the competitive advantage to grab the market from the low to the high market segment. The seven speciality restaurants provide foods for every need of the customers with a variety of food habits and taste.  

Senators and Representatives Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Senators and Representatives - Research Paper Example The voters have tended to choose presidential candidates from the said party for three elections already. Apparently, this only gives the impression that the district may well be considered as a bulwark of the Republican Party. The presidential elections since the year 2000 provide figures that proved this conclusion. In 2000, when George W. Bush ran for president, he got 37 percent of the votes. As he continued to banner the war on terror, and riding on the bandwagon effect of the American response to 9/11, President Bush managed to be reelected. The 7th District of Virginia produced 38 percent of its registered voters in favor of the incumbent chief executive. While John McCain was very unpopular in other states, in the district, he and vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin were able to obtain a majority of 53.16 percent of the votes (Virginia State Board of Elections, n.d.). This obviously made the tandem win in the district. All these figures only prove how the district’ s population has the tendency to favor one party over the other. The voters in the district also favor congressional candidates who belong to the Republican Party. From January 1971 until the present, the district has always had a Republican congressman. This means that the GOP has been dominant in the counties composing for about four decades already. However, this is not the case when it comes to the voters’ choice of senator. In the 2008 senatorial elections, Sen. Mark Warner, a Democrat, won over Republican James Gilmore III with a huge margin of 88,461 votes. Sen. Warner took 62.25 percent of the total votes (Virginia State Board of Elections, n.d.). In the 2000 elections, however, a Republican, Sen. G.F. Allen won with a great majority also. As the presidential elections would show, it is clear that the 7th district of Virginia leans to the Republicans when it comes to choosing the country’s chief executive. This is the same tendency that is displayed in congress ional elections, particularly when it comes to selecting a representative in the lower house. Its choice for senator, however, has changed only in the last senatorial elections. It remains to be seen whether this signifies a start of a new trend. Rep. Eric Cantor is the district’s congressman. He has been considered as the Republican Party’s fast-rising leaders. Aside from being a lawyer, Rep. Cantor is also a businessman. Prior to being elected a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he was a member of the state of Virginia’s legislative body. He was first noticed on Virginia’s political scene when he became part of the House of Delegates from 1992 until 2000 (Project Vote Smart, n.d.). In 2000, he was elected as congressman. It did not take long before he immediately became prominent in the halls of Congress. He first became popular among fellow Republicans in Congress which resulted in him being named as chief deputy majority whip for the party in 2002-2006. He later held the position of chief deputy minority whip in 2006-2008. As he became more accepted as a party leader, Rep. Cantor became minority whip for about two years in 2008. This year, his influence became even broader when he became the majority leader of the House of Representatives. Considering his growing influence in the Republican Party, it is only expected that Rep. Cantor’

The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay Example for Free

The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay In the 2003 Budget the government set aside ? 3 billion to cover â€Å"the full costs of the UK’s military obligations† in Iraq [1]. In the past four years the amount allocated to this ‘Special Reserve’ has steadily increased, and with an extra ? 400 million in this year’s Budget the total is now over ? 7. 4 billion. This is in addition to recent increases in general military spending. This briefing investigates the financial costs of the Iraq conflict to the UK taxpayer. It notes a significant opaqueness in the budgeting process as well as the potential for costs to continue to escalate. The financial costs of a war may not be the first consideration. War brings many costs, foremost in lives lost and damaged. However, the decision to involve the UK in the invasion of Iraq had substantial implications for UK public spending. Money spent on the Iraq war and wider ‘war on terror’ represents significant diversions from other government budgets. The lack of transparency in the UK finances is in contrast to the US, where all budgetary proposals must be scrutinised by Congress. Comprehensive information about US military spending is available and has contributed to considerable public debate. The sums spent by the US government are many times those of the UK, and there are a number of projects aimed at publicising the scale of US war spending (e. g. http://costofwar. com). The Special Reserve The 2002 Pre-Budget Report set aside ? 1 billion to enable the armed forces to prepare for the coming invasion of Iraq[2]. By the time of the Budget in March 2003, UK forces were in Iraq. The Chancellor increased the amount to ? 3 billion and it became known as ‘the Special Reserve’[3]. In the 2003 Pre-Budget Report another ? 500 million was added for financial year 2003-04 and a further ? 300 million for 2004-05; bringing the total up to ? 3. 8 billion[4]. While there was no increase in the 2004 Budget Report, another ? 520 million for 2004-05 was announced in the Pre-Budget Report of December that year[5]. The 2005 Budget Report included a further ? 340 million added for 2004-05 and ? 400 million for 2005-06[6], whilst the 2005 Pre-Budget Report included another ? 580 million . The 2006 Budget report allocated ? 800 million for operations in 2006-07 and this was followed by ? 600 million in the 2006 Pre-Budget Report. Most recently, the 2007 Budget allocated a further 400million for 2007-08. Thus, to date, the total amount allocated to the Special Reserve is ? 7. 44 billion. The Special Reserve is not only set aside for costs in Iraq, but also for â€Å"the UK’s other international obligations†[7]. However, nowhere in the public domain has the Treasury published how much of the Special Reserve has been spent, nor how much of it has been spent on Iraq. Table 2 (please see pdf file above). , which gives a breakdown of the spending of the Special Reserve, was obtained through a Freedom of Information request solicited by the Iraq Analysis Group. Of the ? 6. 44bn set aside at various times to the Special reserve by March 2006, at least ? 6. 3bn had been allocated to departments, almost the total amount possible. About ? 4. 4bn of the Reserve had been spent by the Ministry of Defence in Iraq[8] between 2002 and 2006, with at least an additional ? 156 million allocated to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department for International Development. Furthermore, the forecasted outturn for the financial year 2005-06 is larger than that of 2004-05, suggesting that costs in Iraq are still far from settling down to something approaching the spending in Afghanistan. How Much is ? 4. 4 Billion? The ? 4. 4 billion already allocated to operations in Iraq has been raised through the pre-existing tax structure, borrowing and other government revenue and consequently there exists some trade-off between the additional defence spending and other public spending options. ?3. 2 billion spent on education, for example, would be sufficient to fund the recruitment and retention of over 10,300 new teachers for ten years. In health, it would allow the building of around 44 new hospitals. The ? 6. 44 billion Special Reserve represents the entire annual budget of the Department of International Development and would allow a five-fold increase in bilateral aid to Africa[9]. According to UNICEF estimates, ? 5 billion would fund two years of full immunization for every child in the developing world[10]. Oil Prices Any sort of uncertainty in the Middle East is serious because of the possible effects on oil prices and, in turn, the possible effects on the economies of the rest of the world. Iraq is particularly significant because its proven oil reserves are 112 billion barrels or about 10 per cent of the worlds total. Iraqs reserves are second only to its neighbour Saudi Arabia. Further exploration is likely to significantly increase Iraqs proven reserves. Iraqs oil is also said to be very attractive because it is easy to recover and so production costs are among the lowest in the world. (2) Iraqs sustainable production is around 2. 8 2. 9 million barrels per day, with a net export potential of around 2. 3 2. 5 million barrels per day. Those figures compare with total world oil production of 68 million barrels per day and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) production of 29 million barrels per day, or 42 per cent of the total. (3) The US is by far the biggest consumer of petroleum consuming 19. 6 million barrels per day of which net imports are 10. 9 million barrels per day. (4) Iraqs production potential is limited by aging infrastructure in poor repair. UN sanctions prevent the importation of spare parts and other necessary equipment. The volume of Iraqi exports permitted under UN sanctions (the oil-for-food program) is much lower at around 1. 6 million barrels per day; however, some additional oil is smuggled out of Iraq. According to the US Energy Information Agency some oil experts think that Iraqs oil production could double in the next few years provided sufficient investment were to be made and the UN sanctions lifted. (5) The prospect of continued and possibly expanded Iraqi production is behind some of the optimistic scenarios examined below. Also important have been statements by the OPEC to the effect that they would be able to cover any reduction in supplies from Iraq, despite suggestions that OPEC is producing near full capacity. (6) Any increase in non-OPEC production would also help moderate oil prices. In the longer term supplies from non-traditional sources, including Central Asian members of the former Soviet Union, could put downward pressure on prices. Oil prices have increased throughout most of 2002 and into 2003 from about US$20 per barrel in mid 2002 to around US$35 per barrel in early March 2003. There have been many commentators willing to suggest that oil prices may peak at much higher values. Bad case scenarios have been published that estimate oil prices increasing to US$75 per barrel by George Perry from the Brookings Institute and US$80 per barrel by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies. (7) While such figures tend to be reported by the press, it needs to be kept in mind that these are only worst case scenarios. Large sudden price increases cannot be ruled out. However, it is important to note that war with Iraq has been widely anticipated and we would expect that the effects of war would be anticipated in the markets and already be reflected in prices. Against that, some observers suggest that a quick war without damage to Iraqs oil wells would eliminate the war premium and reduce prices to figures around US$20 per barrel. (8) Effects of Higher Oil Prices Oil price increases act like a tax on fuel that is collected by oil producers and transfers income from users to producers. It increases the burdens on users, and when the users are businesses, it increases the costs that they are likely to pass on to the consumer. The oil tax also involves major changes to international trade and investment flows. The 1970s oil price increases were associated with major disruptions to economic activity sparking international recession as well as inflation. The term stagflation was introduced to refer to the unusual combination of both higher inflation and unemployment that began during this period. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has done some work on the specific effects of higher world oil prices. Modelling the effect of a permanent US$5 per barrel increase in oil prices the IMF finds that world GDP would fall by 0. 2 per cent in year one and 0. 3 per cent in years two and three. There would be a roughly equal transfer of GDP (also around 0. 2 per cent) to oil producing countries from oil importing countries with additional transfers within countries. Other Macroeconomic Implications Oil prices will play a large part in the eventual outcomes of the war with Iraq. However, there are more than just the direct effects of oil prices involved. The world economy is going through a period of volatility and uncertainty partly associated with geo-political concerns. All economic commentators refer to the present uncertainty and its effects on both investors and consumers. In the case of Iraq, political uncertainty also has a direct impact on the rest of the world through oil prices. A common view seems to be that the uncertainty relates to the immediate future and that, once the Iraq problem is out of the way, everything will be clearer. For example, in his testimony to the US Congress, the chair of the Federal Reserve Board, Alan Greenspan, anticipates the removal of the Iraq-related uncertainties'(17) that seem to be complicating the present view of the world economy. Another observer has said: The common, hopeful view on Wall Street is that a short, decisive victory in a war with Iraq wouldnt cost much and would lead to a big stock market rally, which would be good for investor and consumer confidence. (18) While a war would obviously put pressure on the budget balance that in turn can have other implications for the economy as a whole. War is not necessarily bad for the economy. It is now well known that the rearmament of the major powers in the late 1930s and 1940s, before and during the Second World War, was associated with the end of the great depression of the 1930s. As one student of this period puts it: The Second World War brought the era of the Depression to a sudden and dramatic end, as the entire resources of the major countries were absorbed in the military struggle. With the outbreak of hostilities, full employment was fairly swiftly achieved everywhere. (19) Obviously there is nothing on the horizon that looks anything like the Second World War, but there is likely to be some fiscal stimulus nevertheless. The 200203 budget papers note that fiscal stimulus generally has the effect of supporting the aggregate level of economic activity. As the 200203 budget papers put it: Expansionary fiscal policy settings in 200001 and 200102 helped Australia maintain solid economic growth relative to other developed countries during a period of weakness in the international economy A large part of the stimulus in 200102 was unavoidable given the impact of high priority defence and domestic security expenditure. This outcome is appropriate given Australias recent economic circumstances and international developments. (20) To the extent that there are under-utilised resources in Australia, government spending can lead to an increase economic activity and employment. However, the fiscal stimulus must be put in the context of the damaging effects of the uncertainty facing the world economy. The uncertainty surrounding the war is undoubtably having a negative effect on investment and consumption decisions all around the world. Given that the fiscal stimulus is rather small even in the US, it might be expected that the uncertainty will more than offset any stimulus. However, a short quick war would remove uncertainty allowing the fiscal stimulus to dominate. In this context there are some forecasts that suggest the outcome could be positive for the UK economy, for example. Oxford Economic Forecasting made such a forecast showing modest GDP increases of around 0. 2 per cent in the UK as a result of the stimulus from military spending. (21) Newsletter Economic Scenarios has attempted to model the economic effects of a hypothetical Iraqi war on the Australian economy. (22) The outcome of the Economic Scenarios modelling is that, over the period 200310, Australia would experience a loss in GDP equivalent to US$18 billion in the short war scenario (war is over in 2003 and rebuilding takes two years) or US$69 billion in the long war scenario (conflict and occupation of five years and five years of rebuilding). Using exchange rates at close of business 26 February 2003 puts the loss in GDP at $30 billion (short) to $114 billion (long). These results suggest a very significant adverse impact on Australia. However, those results reflect the nature of the economic model and some possibly extreme assumptions, including that: * Australian government defence outlays increase by one per cent of GDP in 2003 and either 1 or 0. 5 per cent for the next few years depending on the scenario * oil prices jump immediately to US$80 per barrel and then either slowly return to near normal or return quickly depending on the scenario, and * uncertainty has an effect equivalent to investors demanding 5 per cent in greater returns on their investments causing investment outlays to fall. That premium on investments fades away either slowly or quickly depending on the scenario. The first assumption is just a guess based on Congressional Budget Office estimates that the US will spend something of that order and that small countries involved will likely spend similar amounts as a share of GDP. One percent of Australias GDP is around $7 billion. Access Economics puts the likely costs of war at around $700 million for a three month engagementa tenth of the Economic Scenarios assumption. Access Economics also estimates that over $200 million has already been spent in pre-deployment. (23) Even then, reallocating resources within the Defence Department could absorb a good deal of the $700 million. The Economic Scenarios study received headlines because it purported to show a massive cost to the Australian economy as a result of war in Iraq. However, those models are only as good as the assumptions on which they rest, and if the assumptions are extreme then results will be unrealistic.