Nazi Concentration Camps

The Holocaust was one of the world’s worst genocides; concentration camps were the worst place to be if you were a captive. Adolf Hitler, a Nazi, convinced many that certain groups of people needed to be exterminated. He started concentration camps to terrorize his enemies. The first concentration camps started in 1933, six years before World War Two began. There were several concentration camps. These concentration camps consisted of European Jews, P. O. W. ’s (Prisoners of War), political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, and gypsies, the mentally ill and other groups.The first concentration camp was called Dachau, located in Munich, Germany. It was opened March 22, 1933. Within five years of Dachau opening, the number of concentration camps quadrupled. The Nazis created different types of camps, for example, labor camps, transit and collection camps, P. O. W. camps, hostage (or death camps), and extermination camps. Labor concentration camps were where inmates had t o do hard labor under inhumane conditions and cruel treatment. Transit and collection camps were where inmates were collected and transferred to main camps.Prisoner of war camps were where prisoners were held after being captured. These P. O. W. camps caused torture and liquidation of prisoners on a large scale. Death camps were where hostages were held and killed as reprisals. Extermination camps were a mixture of the other camps and were not useful people were sent to be killed. These concentration camps were all horrible but Auschwitz was the worst. Auschwitz was located in Poland and was opened in June 1940. Auschwitz was a total of 40 kilometers. Auschwitz was a labor and extermination camp. Auschwitz had three other sub camps Auschwitz 2 Birkenau and Auschwitz 3.Auschwitz had the highest death count compared to any other camp. It’s estimated that 4 million people were sent to Auschwitz and 1. 1 million died at Auschwitz. The prisoners died of starvation, exhaustion, dis eases, or killed inhumanely by being shot, burned, or gassed. For the most part, children and elders in the concentration camps were treated the worst. If a child was born in a concentration camp, they would be killed on the spot. Most children and elders were killed as soon as they got to the concentration camps if they looked too weak to be useful to work.Some were used for drug and surgery experiments. To save the amount of poison gas and ammunition used to kill people, some children would be thrown into ovens or put into open fire pits. These prisoners were also beaten, put in pressure chambers, or frozen to death. The Nazis were brutal and didn’t care who they killed. There were many escape attempts, though only 802 attempts on record. Only 144 made it out but most of them were caught and killed, or taken back to camp and starved to death. If someone successfully made it out of the camp, random people in their prisoner block would be starved.One of the most successful es capes was when a few prisoners dressed as guards, stole a car and drove out the front gate, they were never caught. The most successful escape was when Oscar Schindler got 300 women out of Auschwitz. Oscar pretended to be one of the people in charge of the camp. Before the freight car full of people got to the camp, he told them to send them back. When they got back, he took them to a safe house and looked after them. The concentration camps were all shut down on May 7, 1945 when World War Two ended.It was estimated that 7,991,460 people lost their lives in the concentration camps. When the Germans were defeated by the allies they were forced to close down all of the concentration camps. Most of the camps were destroyed. Some of the camps were used as prisons for the Nazis. Some of these concentration camps have been converted into museums and memorials for those who lost their lives. Bibliography 1. Nazi concentration camps Jan 14-17 2011 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nazi_concent ration_camps 2. Auschwitz, Nazi death camp Jan 14-17 2011 http://www. auschwitz. dk/auschwitz. htm

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

The early 1920s art movement of surrealism was founded by Andre Breton, a French writer. Compared to other art groups or movements, surrealism focused on evoking the unconscious in painting. Members of this group showed immense importance in illustrating a â€Å"more profound reality revealed by the unconscious mind. † Most of the surrealists have unusual portrayal of images in their paintings. They create visuals that go â€Å"beyond mere painting to reach a new level of reality. † This extraordinary approach in creating a provocative image is derived from the surrealists’ dreams. The products of their subconscious mind combined with the concept of â€Å"enigma or mystery† have been their inspiration in producing eccentric but remarkable masterpieces (Artbeyondsight. com). One of the famous Surrealist painters who is well-known for his bizarre ideas and eccentric behaviors was Salvador Dali. Most of his artworks became and integral part in the advancement of the Surrealist aesthetic. His main objective was to â€Å"materialize images of concrete irrationality with the most imperialist fury of precision. More so, Dali’s paintings illustrated dream-like images but these were treated with precision and fine details that made the viewers enter a hallucinatory landscape. Dali named these paintings with dream and fantasy theme as â€Å"hand-painted dream photographs. † In these artworks, unusual placement of images and the modification of a specific form into another completely new form were evident. Because of this composition, it appears that most of Dali’s paintings defy the principle of Physics. He created images that represented the â€Å"irrational and unpredictable world of the dream† (Artbeyondsight. om). In the painting Persistence of Memory, Dali presented the unusual images of melted watches. Dali said that the elements present in this particular painting are â€Å"nothing else, but the Camembert cheese of space and time; tender, outlandish, solitary and critical-paranoiac† (3d-dali. com, 2008). This painting can be classified as a landscape painting, a self portrait or a still-life painting. It all depends on the viewers’ perception and knowledge on how to understand and interpret the painting. In terms of the visual elements exhibited, the background is a beach landscape while the foreground consists of the strange images of three melted pocket watches, the rectangular box and an animal-like creature. The unusual objects created a mysterious effect while the realistic lighting and coloring added a realness factor to the painting. At first glance, these may all seem meaningless and peculiar but if viewers would look closely and try to find out the rationale for putting these elements together, they could get a better grasp of understanding of the paintings and the inner workings of Dali’s mind. According to Robert Bradford, the bare, hard outline of the cliffs and the crystal light of the sky are there, but the empty, desert-like expanses of the painting are much closer to the topography of the min, to a dreamscape. The viewer’s anxiety is fermented precisely through the lack of clues of distance, of recognizable landmark, of time of day, of temperature-it could equally be as hot, or as cold as an unknown planet. We are in an arena of silence, a frozen nightmare, in which nothing moves or make a noise. (p. 146) Overall, the Persistence of Memory is an artwork that takes the viewers into a very interesting world wherein they are transported from the predictable realm of reality to a place filled with ambiguity and peculiarity. The techniques in coloring and brush strokes employed by Dali were conventional but it is the compositional aspects that stand out are the placement and the choice of objects displayed in the painting. This painting ingeniously juxtaposed the real with the make believe which are the primary characteristics of Surrealism. References 3d-dali.com. (2008). Salavador Dali Painitngs. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www.3d-dali.com/dali_paintings_analysis_interpretation.htm Artbeyondsight.com. (n.d.). Salvador Dali and Surrealism. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www.artbeyondsight.org/ahtts/dali-read.shtml Radford, R. (1997). Dali. London: Phaidon Press Ltd.

Analytical Essay on St. Aquinas’ View of Abstraction Essay

In presenting his view on the process of abstraction, St. Thomas Aquinas has pointed out arguments in a manner somewhat parallel to Aristotle’s idea of such.   For them, a knowledge is established primarily by knowing a universal concept that is housed inside a form or matter, and which gives meaning to that matter.  Ã‚   To know such concept is by way of abstraction — â€Å"process of formulating general concepts by considering (abstracting) properties of instances†1 or construction of concept by setting apart a substance of an identity from it.   In essence, a man can only define or speak of a sensible matter once he is able to identify its substance. To further expound on the thought, take as an example the â€Å"lawn mower†.   Different types of lawn mower has been developed to suite a particular purpose. The design varies from the one that could be used for small residential lawns and gardens, to that design being used for golf courses. Read Also:  Analytical Essay Topics List Nevertheless, in essence, the lawn mower’s mechanism is for the purpose of cutting down or evening out grasses, bushes, or other thriving plants of a field or lawn. It is a device made basically to mow and as a substitute to a scythe.   In giving a definition to these mechanical tools, they are first defined as â€Å"a machine that is used for mowing or cutting down grasses in a lawn or open field†.   The basic idea of a â€Å"mower† or â€Å"lawn mower† has then become the means or main idea or the one that caused or inspired the creation of other lawn mower’s designs. Given such example, it could then be plausible to say that to understand a matter, one must find first its root or the form that gives its form. By abstracting the main substance of an element, may be able to further understand the mechanism of a sensible thing. References: ____________________. (July 12, 1991). St. Thomas Aquinas. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/ WordWeb Application, version 3.02.

SFAS 154 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections Assignment

SFAS 154 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections - Assignment Example At times, it also happens that a change in the accounting policy or principle affects the consolidated financial statements of the group as well. So, SFAS 154 aims to highlight all of the above discussed issues in details and provide appropriate guidance as how to incorporate the effects of all those changes in the financial statements of the reporting entity. This article is structured in such a manner that first section describes the overview of SFAS 154 which includes the objective of its issuance as well as the scope of this standard. Next section focuses on recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements of SAFS 154. Third section highlights the comparison of SFAS 154 of FASB with IAS 8 of IASB i.e. a comparison between US GAAP and IFRS in respect of these two standards. An illustrated example is also provided after the comparison of the standards which is then followed by a conclusion which summarizes the whole article. Overview of SFAS 154 Objective Mainly the objective o f FASB to issue this standard is to bring more convergence with IASB towards the preparation, development and furnishing the financial statement as a high quality single set across the world (Deloitte, 2008). As IASB has issued IAS 8 on similar footings, therefore it is the intension of both accounting standard boards to bring more harmonized financial statements in most of the areas of accounting. ... The section â€Å"Accounting Changes† is further divided into three areas which are â€Å"Changes in Accounting Principle†, â€Å"Changes in Accounting Estimates† and lastly, â€Å"Changes in the Reporting Entity† (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009). Scope The scope of this standard covers three areas which are listed below (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009): 1. SFAS 154 is applicable for both profit making business organizations as well as not-for-profit organizations. In this standard both these kinds of organizations are referred to as â€Å"entities†. 2. Another application of SFAS 154 can be possible in case of summarized financial information which are primarily based upon the financial statements such that accounting changes are reflected in the accounting period in which those changes have arisen. 3. SFAS 154 also encompasses the other forms of financial statements which are prepared for some special purposes. Measurement, R ecognition and Disclosure Changes in Accounting Principles SFAS 154 provides specific guidelines to incorporate a change in the accounting principle. A change in the accounting principle is the change that has been made by FASB by making amendment, addition or deletion in the existing accounting standards issued by FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009). FASB requires the entities to bring the effects of the changes in accounting principle retrospectively such that all of the previously issued financial statements need to be modified as a result of change in accounting principles (Deloitte, 2008). SFAS 154 also guides the entities in the situations where it is not practicable for the entities to bring the effects of the

Business plan (entrepreneurship) Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business plan (entrepreneurship) - Thesis Example GetLaunched! offers the following propositions to its users: 1. Seamless and uncomplicated participation, with most of the technical aspects, such as compliance, ironed out by the company; 2. All-or-nothing scheme where collected money is returned to supporters if the proposal fails to achieve its goal within the given time; 3. No hidden or initial fees as the company implements a flat rate fee only on successful proposals; 4. By special arrangement, the company has access to the proponent’s account for 5 years for the sole of purpose of taking out and delivering the shares of profits of supporters, which are given in proportion to the latter’s investment. 5. Sharing of profits with supporters will be limited to 5 years and structured in such a way as not to unduly burden the proponent because the spirit of crowdfunding is not strict investment but more towards philanthropy. The Opportunity There are more than 2 billion internet users, which can be harnessed to realize the aims and goals of GetLaunched!. According to statistics, internet users number 2,095, 006,005 in 2011 up by about 480.4% from the 360,985,482 users in 2000. Facebook alone has more than 500,000 million users as of 2011 statistics. There is in every person a need for charity because it gives them self-actualization. Fundraising expert and author of â€Å"Grassroots Fundraising† Kim Klein states that every person has an urge to give because it makes them feel powerful and good-like and not merely an onlooker. GetLaunched! will tap into this need and use it to turn somebody’s life around. The gap between economic classes is widening and people on the lower social strata are getting more and more marginalized. The gap between social classes are growing bigger and bigger, and there is a need to try to level the playing field, and crowdfunding is one of the more acceptable means. Business Concept Online crowdfunding is getting popular in social networking sites, but at p resent there are only a handful operating. GetLaunched! is capitalizing on the growing popularity of crowdfunding, not only as a business endeavor, but as a means of helping people from both sides of the spectrum: for proponents to realize their dreams of materializing their business dreams, and; for supporters to channel their inner philanthropic urges. Industry Overview Crowdfunding had its origin in 1997, when American fans raised $60,000, through internet campaign, so that the British Rock band Marillion could do a US tour. French filmmakers Guillaume Colboc and Benjamin Pommeraud used the same strategy in 2004 to fund a film, raising a total of $50,000 within three weeks over the internet. Their counterparts in America Spanner Films raised ?900,000 the same way to finance a documentary film about climate change. Fig. 1 The Crowdfunding Mechanism Today, several crowdfunding societies offer themselves as platforms to raise funds for various ends - to support talent in the arts, t o market original inventions, to initiate charitable events and start small businesses. The present market has still room to grow dramatically because of the millions of internet users, which are ready to invest or donate money for causes that they can emotionally connect to. Figure 1 illustrates how crowdfunding can snowball from a small close circle of family and friends to a number of supporters that can donate and/or investments the right amount needed to launch a project. Target Market GetLaunched! targets two types of users: the proponents, and; the

Parenting styles- authoriative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parenting styles- authoriative - Essay Example In fact, most parents do not even care to keep track of what their children do. This is detrimental because it makes a child grow without knowing what is morally right or wrong. â€Å"Lack of proper parenting skills and styles have been blamed for such of the bad behaviors seen in children today† (Gray 15). As such, it is advisable for a parent to adopt effective parenting skills to ensure that a child grows up responsibly and morally upright. This discourse will present the parenting skills that parents need to adopt to help bring up children who are responsible, morally upright, and respectful in the society. Authoritative parenting style deals with being responsive to the emotional needs of children, reasoning with children, and setting limits. This parenting method is common amon middle class and it is assicated wit successful children. â€Å"Children brought up by authoritative parents are more likely to become self reliant, well behaved, socially accepted, and autonomou s† (Lookatch 55). In addition, they are less likely to show signs of anxiety and depression and they do not engage antisocial behavior such as use of drug and deliquency. Praising a child is also another important parental skill that parents need to observe. ... Praising a child for good behavior or for an achievement is important for the proper development of a child. Praising a child for an achievement in life motivates them to continue doing well in life (Gray 53). In addition, it helps in boosting a child’s self-esteem, which increases personal satisfaction. Discipline has been one of the most debated parenting issues in recent time. The debate has mainly centered on how a parent should discipline a child whenever they do wrong. However, Lookatch states that â€Å"discipline is very important in molding the behavior of a child† (Kapoor 45-46). As such, in the event that a child does a mistake, a parent should discipline the child immediately. This should also involve correcting the child instantly by showing them why it is wrong to engage in bad behaviors. Correcting and explaining to the child why it is wrong to engage in bad behaviors is important since it makes the child grow knowing that engaging in bad behavior is not acceptable. Showing a child love is one of the most important parenting skills needed for raising a healthy and morally upright child. Gerhardt states in his book â€Å"Why Love Matters† that love is an essential parenting skills that is needed in bring up a healthy child (Gerhardt 41). According to Gerhardt, â€Å"love plays a critical role in the development of the brain of a child during the early years of their lifem† (Kapoor 78). As such, to bring a healthy, respectful and a morally upright child, parents must show the love to a child all the time during their childhood. He attributed this to the fact that love plays a critical role in shaping a child’s social and emotional brain system. He also noted that â€Å"a child who is brought up with love tend to show the same love to others

The Physics Of Pool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Physics Of Pool - Essay Example In order to control the energy of the ball by how low or how hard the stroke should be, then kinetic energy is very important. To get more velocity one has to make the stroke harder thus giving it more kinetic energy (Marlow, 1995). The kinetic energy then takes the ball through a longer distance to overcome the forces of friction and come to a stop. In a pool game collusions are always present. In many instances when hitting a ball head-on, the ball with which the collision was made will travel in the same direction and in case of an angular collision, the balls in most instances would not collide in the same manner. Most collusion always results to the balls deflecting in various angles (Marlow, 1995). In most case the players always strikes in such manner that the same ball also strikes another ball at an angle this also involves the principles of collusions such that one has to give it the right amount of energy so that when the energy is transfer to the other balls, the intended ball is hit with the right amount of energy (Tait, 1899).Again the net force that is applied to the balls always causes the ball to rotate around its center of mass (Davies, 1979). For the rotational speed to change there has to be a change in the net external interaction on the object. When the cue ball is rotating, and since rotational momentum must be conserved the cue ball will spin at the same angular velocity as it was before the collision and the ball then starts to roll (Davies, 1979).

Women's Role in the Fields of Mathematics, Science, and Engineering Essay

Women's Role in the Fields of Mathematics, Science, and Engineering - Essay Example Until the mid of the 19th century, many women were discriminated in terms of the kind of education they could receive (Klein 45). It was belived that learned women were likely to engage in deviant behavior, not acceptable to the society. People believed that educating females would have a negative effect on their children and their personal health as they are said to weak. By the mid 19th century, supporters of women’s education noted that women were not able to do their natural duties properly and effectively without having the knowledge to do so (Klein 45). In the late 19th century, scientists came up with different studies showing how upper middle class women’s health was affected by strain due to education. The studies also suggested that the strain caused to women in the process of learning mathematics drew blood from their reproductive organs to their brains. Education was therefore viewed to threaten women’s fertility. Despite the restriction on women†™s education, women made several contributions to scientific knowledge. Their contribution was through carrying out research and writing. For instance, Jane Colden who was taught by her father, a botanist, identified over three hundred plant species and classified them. She also identified and classified different works with the gardenia of which she is today identified with. The establishment of female academies meant for upper-class women in the US increased their literacy levels. Most women engaged in writing scientific texts. These texts were used or educating the public about basic science. In 1796 a text entitled Introduction to Botany in a Series of Familiar Letters was published by Priscilla Bell. The book was printed in the US and England for almost fifty years. Some years later, Jane Marcet made a publication of a text titled Conversations on Chemistry. Maria Mitchell is regarded as the first lady to be a professional scientist in America. According to Wyer (96), at twen ty-eight that is in 1847, she discovered a new comet. The earlier belief that it was unwise to educate women began to fade gradually in the latter part of the 1800s. This belief gave way to the argument that women education improved their knowledge making it more beneficial. By the end of the 19th century, around twenty-five women had been awarded doctorate degrees with six of them being in science (Wyer 56). The following year the number of women awarded doctorate degrees in science went up to thirty-six. This led to the increasing need to provide more job opportunities for women. When focusing on the history women in the field of engineering in America, there has been a great evolution. Early in the 19th century, technology was viewed in the perspective of science. It was viewed as a filed meant for men. It was due to the masculinity associated with the combination of science and technology. In those days the women’s contribution in science and other related fields such as mathematics and engineering was undermined. The only women who succeeded in the field worked in line with their husbands or fathers. The society of women engineers in America has done a lot in promoting engineering to be career choice to women. The society was formed in 1950 and was involved in introducing young females in the field of engineering. It has initiated career guidance and counseling for women. Earlier women engaged in the field of engineering of practiced the career through information distribution. By the start of the 20th century, engineering programs were only known by a small number of women. They started

Are We Free within Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Are We Free within Society - Essay Example So it is really the males who allow for such gender bias? The actual question that hangs is â€Å"Do men have more freedom than women that allows them to dominate?† Unfortunately, it is our society that has given more freedom to men than to women. As we know, a society is built upon from its historical backgrounds and contains similar values and beliefs for a very long time. Our historical background, unfortunately, has held women in the background while men have always taken the center stage. The examples cited above are enough to remind us that women have been an oppressed segment of our society. Being physically weaker has left them good for lesser professions and, home and child-rearing have become their most accepted professions. Mary Wollstonecraft a famous British philosopher and feminist went on to say that â€Å"The grand source of female folly and vice has ever appeared to me to arise from narrowness of mind, and the very constitution of civil governments has put almost insuperable obstacles in the way to prevent the cultivation of the female understanding† [4]. Bearing the emotional characteristic, have left them untrustworthy of emotion enduring jobs. They have been subjected to this stereotype from the very beginning and it is this same stereotype that women have to face in our present society. Many modern machines have helped beat some of the stereotypes especially of physically weaker as it now requires only a part of the masculine resources, and if the minimum demanded is not above the female’s capacity, they can be considered as man’s equal [1]. Efforts to escape this charade have been welcomed in most quarters but it will be many years until women can truly turn the tables on men. A society consists of people from all walks of life. The rich, poor, young, old, working, non-working, colored, non-colored etc all are part of the society.  

Study question about William Carlos Williams' poem Essay

Study question about William Carlos Williams' poem - Essay Example And in this respect this poem â€Å"This Is Just To Say† by the poet is no different. This poem, disguised as a note glued on the refrigerator, could be interpreted in a multiple dimensions. There is no general agreement on the theme. â€Å"The poem could be concerned with the uselessness or self-entrapment of sexual desire, comparable to the expense of spirit in a waste of shame. Theres the potential oedipal reading, with the boy thwarted in an attempt to comprehend his origin; to learn of it from his mother. Or theres the reading that would suggest self-referentiality; it is the poem itself that means nothing.† (Matterson, 38) And there are scores and grosses of interpretations to this lean poem but the overall truth that ultimately catches the readers’ mind is the ultimate sincere approach that the poet takes in this poem. It should be taken into account that the only word capitalized in this poem is the word ‘Forgive’. Why would a poet suddenly capitalize a word in the midst of all lower cased words is he is really not sincere with the meaning of the word? William Carlos Williams’ poems stabilized themselves on the opposite pole of the likes of Ezra Pounds and especially T.S. Eliots whose poetry depicted recurrent use of reference to foreign art, religion, history or languages. He focused himself predominantly on local themes for his poems and with this smell of well know home court it is but impossible to be anything else but sincere. He was, all his life, sincere to his roots, his works and thereby to his poems as this poem â€Å"This Is Just To Say† reflects. Structurally, this poem represents the simplicity that blends just perfectly with sincere thought process of the poem. â€Å"It is typography rather than any kind of phonemic recurrence that provides directions for the speaking voice or for the eye that reads the lines silently.† (Marjorie, 26) The sense of sincerity should not

In cold blood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In cold blood - Essay Example I loved the pie, but had no idea that the pie was going to be the last supper I would ever have with my bosom friend. In the book, In Cold Blood, (Capote) has not once, but several times discussed the last day events and activities of Clutters. For example, â€Å"Now, on this final day of her life, Mrs. Clutter hung in the closet the calico housedress she had been wearing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Capote 35). It seems like Capote and I have the same way of recapitulating the memories of the gone. I believe that the idea presented in the book that mental illness inculcates criminal tendencies in people is totally right. In the book, Perry and Dick are shown to be suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and brain damage respectively. Their criminality has been attributed to their mental abnormalities. I approve this concept because I know a neighbor who was known to be suffering from brain tumor. The tumor developed in his brain over the years, and he transformed from a gay and obedient child to a violent adult with the passage of time. He was imprisoned for the charge of having killed his girlfriend. I am not sure if this is right to trace the roots of his criminality in his brain tumor, but the story of the book approves the existence of some kind of relationship between mental disorder of any type and criminal tendency.

Reference to two South African examples Essay Example for Free

Reference to two South African examples Essay In at least one point in the day, every-one finds themselves tuned into one broadcast station or another, be it radio or television Be it for entertainment, relaxation, to be informed or merely a means of escapism. For whichever reasons it is, radio and television play an active role in our everyday life whether we are aware of it or not. Using South African examples, this assignment seeks to discuss two radio and two television genres. It is virtually impossible to discuss the issue genre before defining this term. Both the Oxford dictionary as well as Creeber (2001), defines genre as type or kind. Genres allow for the types or kinds of things to be categorised. For example in radio broadcasting, there are various different programs aired, such as talk shows, music shows, news broadcasts, drama shows and so on. Each of these shows are categorised into a particular genre based on their characteristics. The two radio genres that will be discussed are talk shows and music shows. The phenomenon of genre is not exclusive to radio and television alone. In fact according to Greeber, it [genre] has played an important role in the study of literature, theatre, film, television and other art and media forms (Creeber, G: 2001 pg. 1). Radio-Talk Genre Radio stations like SAFM and 702 are almost entirely dedicated to the genre of talk show however almost every radio station incorporates this genre if not at least for a few minutes. The success of talk shows lie in participation by the audience. The audience is urged to call into the radio station and either view their opinion on the topic of discussion or pose questions to either an officiator or a panel. On SAFM for example, there was a program entitled The Life and Times of Dr. Bayers Nordea. The show was as the title implies, discussing and talking about Dr. Nordeas life. The show hosted family, colleagues and friends, who spoke about his life. Listeners also got the opportunity to add their comments, thoughts, as well as pose questions to the panel. The show was also officiated by the host or disk jockey (D. J) of the show, who not only directed most of the discussion, but also made sure that the show, ran smoothly. The nature of talk shows is such that the audience phones in either agreeing or disagreeing to the topic or question being discussed. This opens the door for others to voice their opinions. According to Barnard (2000), phone-in encourages a free flow of opinion and conversation within the safety of an artificially created community (Barnard, S: 2000). With out this element, the talk show would be deemed unsuccessful. Talk shows do not follow a particular protocol, meaning that any topic can be addressed. The mere action of a D. J. posing a question relating to any topic and receiving feedback from the audience constitutes the genre of talk show to be exercised. As any topic makes way for talk shows, it is common to find small inserts of talk show, even within a primarily music radio station. Highfeld Stereo is an example of a South African music radio station. It is common to find a situation where a D. J. poses a question and opens the lines to receive feedback. The D. J is thus officiating a talk show, within a music show. Listeners of talk shows however, are required to concentrate on the discussion if they are to understand what is being discussed, thus ones attention cannot divert from one thing to another. For example, one cannot talk to a friend on the phone, as well as remain focused on the discussion. Radio-Music Genre. Although there is audience participation in the music genre, it differs from that of the talk genre. Regarding music radio, the audience is urged to call in to send dedications to friends or loved ones, choose songs they wish to hear, or vote for their favourite song rather than voice their opinions on a matter. Music as a genre is not so clear-cut like talk shows. Within the music genres, there are sub-genres, where by music is categorised according to style. Rock, rave, hip-hop and pop would all be examples of sub-genres of the music genre. The music genre requires less attention from the listener to be focused on the show. Namely, the listener can do various other activities without loosing out on the entertainment. For example, while driving a car and focusing on the road, or while working at ones desk, one can continue to listen to his or her favourite song and not be side tracked. Unlike the talk genre where if one was driving a car and focusing on the road they would more than likely loose track of what was being discussed-alternatively, they would possibly have an accident. As the genre implies, the emphasis in music shows is in fact music. Therefore it is common to find very little talking by the D. J. and more music being played. The show usually consists of popular songs in the specific sub-genre being aired. This genre also usually has a top 40 show, where the 40 most popular songs are aired. This is commonly known as contempory hit radio (Tomaselli/de Villiers: 1998). 5FM radio station for example has the Coca-Cola Top 40 music show which is aired every Sunday morning from 10:00- 14:00. Other radio stations like East Coast Radio host the Top 10 at 10 show, which airs the 10 most popular songs every Tuesday night at 22:00. These songs which make it onto the top 10 or top 40 lists, are songs which have been voted for by the public. Jacaranda FM in contrast to the mainstream radio stations of say 5FM for example would air music of a different sub-genre, however one would still find the most popular tracks of that specific sub-genre being aired, as well as top 10 shows occurring. In the music genre, the D. Js primary job is to play music and possible talk a little bit about the artist of the track, rather than being an officiator or a mediator of discussion, as is found in talk radio. Television-Documentary Genre. As the term documentary implies, these shows are usually fact based and require research to be done on the particular topic being showed. Events are documented by a team of researchers and aired to the public. An example of a documentary would be found in the SABC 2 show 50/50. This is a documentary program that focuses on various aspects of the wild life. Documentaries however could focus on a variety of topics, including an event, person or idea. As the emphasis of documentaries is on information, enlightenment and facts, viewers usually watch documentaries as a means of being informed, rather than being entertained. The nature of documentaries is such that each episode is fully formed and has a definite conclusion even if left as an enquiry for the viewer to think about what they have just viewed. This allows the viewer to evaluate their knowledge of the topic against that of the show. Documentaries are also not usually serial form, as would be the case in a sitcom for example. Rather, they tend to be self-contained episodes with definite endings. Documentaries usually also adopt a narrative structure psychological relationship of the viewers to the program. The viewer is often addressed directly, in order to persuade the actual person watching at home that he or she is the you to whom the addresser is speaking (Allen,C: 1992 pg. 118). This also keeps the viewer interested in the show as well making them feel as if they actively involved in what is going on. Due to the fact that documentaries are not entertainment focused and are rather a means of transferring information, events, people or animals being documented are portrayed as realistically as possible. Animals, which are filmed in the 50/50 program, for example are filmed in their natural environments, rather than in zoos, in order to give the viewer the most realistic experience. As they are based on real occurrences, documentaries, unlike entertainment programmes such as sitcoms, do not focus as much on a specific plot. Television-Soap Opera As soap operas were originally targeted at the female audience (Brown, M: 1994), it is not surprising to find that many of the central characters within this genre are women. More importantly, they are strong, powerful and influential characters, rather than the stereotype housewife women. SABC 3 airs the soap opera Isidingo. Charel de Villiers and Leigh Haynes are two examples of strong, powerful and ambitious characters that play central roles in the show. It is important for these kinds of characters to exist, in order for the audience to which the show is targeted at to be able to relate. They [women] recognise some of there own identity in this product created by the media (Brown, M: 1994). People watch soap operas for a number of reasons. The fact that they are entertaining, allows the viewer to unwind, relax or escape from the stresses from every day life, for the duration of the show, as the audience get lost in the reality of the program (Anderson, M: 2004). Viewers could also be using the decision-making techniques and outcomes of the soap opera to work through their own issues (Anderson, M: 2004). Isidingo is an example of a program that deals with AIDS-an issue that the whole of South Africa is facing; it also provides solutions in the form of Nandipe-a married women infected with HIV. Her positive attitude allows her to live a productive life. Viewers may see Nandipe as a role model. Those viewers infected with HIV may in fact even echo her actions in order to try and increase productivity in their own lives. Characters in soap operas are usually found in the form of multiple characters (Brown, M: 1994) meaning that characters emphasize the group over the individual (Brown, M: 1994 pg 53), thus many people can relate to one specific character. This also makes way for viewers to find similarities between themselves and various other characters rather than one particular character. Brown believes that rather than relating to characters in soap operas, viewers implicate themselves to various characters, meaning that the viewer will see similarities between a particular character, or even characters, but when the character acts in a way that the viewer does not agree with, or feel comfortable with, the viewer will distance him or herself from the character (Brown, M: 1994). Soap operas adopt a visualization style, which gets the viewer to focus and identify with a specific character (Brown, M: 1994 pg. 53). On a radio talk show for example, a TV viewer called in with the opinion that the Isidingo villianess, Cherel de Villiers should be punished, as if the viewer could not differentiate between reality fiction. (Anderson, M: 2004). Apparently actors who play villainous characters are shunned offset by the public (Anderson, M: 2004). It is not only the relatable characters and entertaining style of soap operas that keep the audience hooked. It is also the continuous open-ended nature of episodes, set in the present and containing a number of alternating story lines which gives the audience sense of continuous pleasure (Brown, M: 1994, pg. 58). The fact that soap operas resists narrative closure, meaning that the story is continuous and never ending, means there is always hope for the future (Anderson, M: 2004). Thus viewers will continue to watch future episodes in order to come closer to seeing what will happen at the end (which never really comes). John Davies (1984) suggests about soap opera viewers that once hooked, they vacillate between their need to know, or the pleasure of anticipation that keeps viewers watching (Brown, M: 1994). In discussing two radio and two television genres with reference to two South African examples, it is evident that the complexities and intricacies of various broadcasts and genres are not as simple as one would imagine. As seen above, various genres and broadcasts draw in different audiences, and evoke various different responses in the viewer or listener. As technology continues to move forward, where will these broadcasts find themselves in the future? For now though, radio and television will continue to play an active part in almost all of our lives. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Robert C. 1992. Televisions modes of address the social context of T. V. viewing. In Channels of Discourse, reassembled. 2nd ed. Edited by Robert C. Allen. London: Routledge. Anderson, Muff. Soapies mirror SAs soul. Mail Guardian. 24 March 2004. Barnard, S. 2000. Studying Radio. New York: Arnold Hodder. Brown, Mary Ellen. 1994. Ch. 3: Soap opera and womens talk: The pleasure of resistance. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Creeber, G. (ed. ). 2001. Introduction: What is genre? In Creeber, G (ed),The television genre book. London: British Film Institute, 1-7. Teer-Tomaselli, R and de Villiers, C. 1998. Radio: Theatre of the Mind. In De Beer, A (ed). Mass media toward the Millennium. Pretoria: Van Schaik, 147-175.

Howards End, E.M. Forster | Analysis

Howards End, E.M. Forster | Analysis In 20th century London, recognizing a persons social and financial class could be as easy as simply viewing their household. A house during early 20th century London can influence a persons role in society of how they view themselves and what they are like compared to the other people around them. Essentially, through their household they establish their own identity. In E.M. Foresters Howards End, the house Howards End is essential to the role of each character such that each one has their own meaning of the property. We can understand each characters role to Howards End by comparing the household to the other homes in the story. When evaluating all these other homes and Howards End, we will see how Howards End is in the middle of it all to the character development of this story. When comparing the feelings of the characters established through Wickham Place to that of Howards End, typical aspects of living in a household such as emotional attachment and the personal events that occurred there are critical to understanding the character development associated with Howards End. Wickham Place held a special meaning for the Schlegals family. In the beginning of Howards End the Schlegals view their home of Wickham Place as the Wilcoxs see Howards End, as an important and ancestral home. The Wilcoxes continued to play a considerable part in herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when its takes all sorts to make a world? (Forster, Ch. 12). Margaret is like what the Wilcoxes stand for, as the grit Even practicality of the real world. Although the Schlegels live in their own sphere of intellectual principles and ideals, the Wilcoxes represent a flip side of that way of life. In regards as to how this works with her personal feelings for the house, Margaret views that the house can any pl ace, regardless of shape and size as long as it retains the same safety and comfort as well as possess familiar items that would make it a home. The Wilcoxes see houses as something material live in to go about ones daily life, although Mrs. Wilcox has similar views of houses compared to Schlegels but with a higher spiritual sense of its meaning. Mrs. Wilcox mentions that she belonged to Howards End just as much as Howards End belonged to her. When we compare Wickham Place to Howards End by social class both houses seem relatively the same, but there exists a very significant difference. As we come to understand, Howards End is an ancestral home, having been passed down through the Wilcox family for many years. Wickham Place on the other hand, although the Schlegels have been raised there, is not owned by Schlegels and therefore exists the possibly of the Schlegels losing their home at any time. Though Wickham Place and Howards End are both on a similar level in terms of social clas s, there are significant differences which can be discovered that reveal how much more important Howards End is to the story than Wickham Place because of how the characters related to each home react to each of the two homes. After the events in Howards End with Helen and the Wilcoxes love situation, the Wilcoxes decide to move into a Flat close to the Schlegels home. They stay there instead of living in Howards End. If Howards End is a perfect home, than why would the Wilcoxes decide to move into a Flat? Lets take into account the social housing market at the time as well as how Howards End is located outside secluded from the city. The Wilcoxes stay in a Flat in order to take care of business as well as socialize with others of high class. Their new Flat is used for several reasons. First, it is cost affordable for temporary living so they didnt have to travel to and from Howards End to take care of the marriage business. Also, thos gives Paul a chance to go abroad. This opportun e moment living in the flat actual provide the spark needed between Mrs. Wilcox and Margaret to settle the complications with the whole Helen and Paul incident and is the starting point for the relationship that sparks the storys development on the two as Mrs. Wilcox says that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you see I lived at Howards End long, long before Mr. Wilcox knew it. I was born there.(Forester 54). This speech tells Margaret the reason on why Mrs. Wilcox is so attached to Howards End and then after making a fool of herself with Dollys photograph is about to leave but stops when told by Mrs. Wilcox of how lovely the company was and hope to spend more time together. Now to look at the Flats use in a more society way by the way that, the British class system was at its most rigidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ changes in social thought, particularly the rising increase in socialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and the status of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in which there could be a more social mobility and people would become mo re liberal.(Hattersley 243). This means that though the Wilcoxes are of an upper social class that does not mean that they will not accept lodging from a family member especially when there is business to be done. So the Flats compared to Howards End is more like a strike of good fortune that presents itself for their needs in the city, while unintentionally setting up a relationship that starts and strengthens a relationship that is focused on even after the death of one of the people in the relationship. In the story Margaret travels with the Wilcoxes takes her to two places Oniton Grange and Ducie Street. Though the two are in the same class as Howards End they are different in feeling to the characters for many reasons both personal and geographically. First in response to Oniton Grange the first look we see of this is when Evie wedding is going on Margaret travels to the ancient estate with the Wilcoxes as Henrys fiancà © although Henry already wanted to liquidate anxiously. After the wedding Helen, Leonard and Jacky appear blaming Henry for Leonard losing his job because he recommended the job change. After Margaret gets Henry to talk to Leonard about a new job, Jacky talks up calling Henry Hen (Forester 166). This humiliating Henry exposing the affair he had with Jacky while with Mrs. Wilcox and tells Margaret that her plan to embarrass him had succeeded in telling her that she is release from her contract to him in marriage. Now when Henry was having the affair with Jacky wome n were not seen as more as people that men were with to look good to society. Then during the current time period, The suffragist/suffragette movement helped to shatter the lingering ideals of womanhood.(Eastaugh and Sternal-Johnson). This explains another reason that Margaret does not feel bad about what Henry did because she is secure with herself and that its really Mrs. Wilcox who should be ashamed because she was married to him while he was with Jacky. Then with how Henry wanted to liquidate the estate already can be explained by his, My motto is concentrated. Ive no intention of frittering away à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Youre clever little women, but my mottos concentrate (Forester 135). He believes in focusing intently on his own goals and just seeing what he wants to see in the world (or rather, whats beneficial to him), He goes on always about business and Parliament or whatever goes on in society, but in reality he uses this because he is too afraid to show his emotions so he hides behind the business side of the world. Now Margaret would love to stay at Oniton Grange but Mr. Wilcox makes an excuse about the atmosphere not suitable for living. Next in the upper class Ducie Street comes into play as another plausible living place for Margarets new life with Mr. Wilcox. As Margaret was vacationing with Aunt Juley in Swanage, Margaret receives a letter from Mr. Wilcox, saying that he is moving to a different house and would be willing to rent the Schlegels his old one. He asks Margaret to come and inspect it. Margaret has a sudden premonition that he means to propose to her, but she dismisses the notion as silly. She makes the trip back to London, and takes a tour of the house with Mr. Wilcoxwho, quite suddenly, does propose. But unfortunately they cant live there either due to Henry saying, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Only Ducie Street has huge drawback. Theres a mews behind (Forester 130). Which he is saying without saying that he does not have pleasant memories there but it is a nice upper class neighborhood with beautiful homes all around. Though these two homes are on scale with Howards End, Oniton Grange is too far away to realistically living there. While Ducie Street in the London area has memories and reputation that could hinder the relationship of any kind for the two of them living there. Then in the case with Howards End it is a more proficient location to access the industrial rising London and have a calming effect of living that can support the growth of a relationship. Although Henry is still adamant about finding another home instead of just going to Howards End and makes the excuse that he leased out for three years and they couldnt. That is how though the three are of the same scale its the characters responses to the places that truly make them different in the eyes of the beholder. Now for Leonards Place, this would be the opposite poles of the scale with Leonards on the bottom and Howards End on the top and still finding meaning to the story on the class opposite to Howards End and the events that occurred because of this place. Leonards place is anything but upper class, one its a basement, two its smaller than a dorm room in a college, and finally he owns nothing even the bed he sleeps in. For his part, Leonard is poor, but not desperately so: He has just enough education and sufficient possessions to assert that he is not inferior to the rich. Although when Leonard is with the Schlegels he thinks, If only he could talk like this, he would have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ leisured women, who had been reading steadily from childhood?(Forster 31). Leonard is overwhelmed by the cultural wealth of the Schlegels he is limited by his own social background, and feels as though he could never possibly catch up. Though Leonard lives in on the edge of nothingness he thinks, The boy, Leonard Bast, stood at the extreme verge of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ nothing counts, and the statements of Democracy are inaudible.(Forster 35). Poor Leonard Forster condemns him to a lifetime of inferiority in this single paragraph, based on his problematic existence between classes hes not at the extreme lower end of the spectrum, and is just genteel enough to have the desire to possess what the rich haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦culture. Then after taking Mr. Wilcoxs advice on jobs he is tipped into the abyss and loses everything he had or in his situation rented and is left with books and china on the side of the road. Along with Jackyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ enough said. In all when we look at Leonards Place in comparison to Howards End clear opposites of each while Howards End is warm, comforting and has the potential for growth. Leonards Place is dreary, cramped and lacks all potentials for a future that can sustain any sort of family. In the novel Howards End and the action and people that are in it are expressed as if Forster realistically knew these actions first hand. In a way he does but not how the story tells it, Forster tells how he grew up by using the Wilcoxes as a surrogate for his fathers family while the Schlegels are representatives for his mothers side. In his life growing up, Forsters father, an architect, died when the son was a baby, and he was brought up by his mother and paternal aunts. The difference between the two families, his fathers being strongly evangelical with a high sense of moral responsibility, his mothers more feckless and generous-minded, gave him an enduring insight into the nature of domestic tensions,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(E. M. Forster 1). So in his daily livings of these tensions between his families, he received firsthand knowledge of both side of the spectrum to broaden his horizons more on life. Now in the novel Forster portrays Howards End as a place down to earth and geographic ally away from most of civilization in a secluded area. Why, well Forster goes into, A reconciliation of humanity to the earth and its own imagination may be ultimate ideal, but Forster sees it receding in a civilization devoting itself more and more to technological progress.(E. M. Forster). He also uses the actions done by the Schlegal sisters and Mrs. Wilcox to show his appreciations for, The values of common sense, goodwill, and regard for the individual, on the other hand, can still be cultivated, and these underlie Forsters later pleas for more liberal attitudes.(E. M. Forster). In all Forster uses Howards End, the place and actions that took place there in order to voice his beliefs in a non-imposing manner. In the novel Howards End the house Howards End has been used to central the meaning to the story as each character has a different response to the property. To understand these feelings better the other homes in the story to be used describe how each house is different from Howards End by using their importance to branch from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of each other. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes the Wilcoxes live in. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonards Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explaining how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the alongside the Forster explanation it is clear that Howards End is the core to which all the other homes branch from and make the story flow.

Theories of Feminist Geography

Theories of Feminist Geography Does a feminist geography need be primarily concerned with the lives of women? In relation to the essay title, according to Dias et al (2008), Hesse- Biber (2012) and McDowell (1992), there are significant diversity and heterogeneity among feminist geography and its research, with no single methodology or epistemology. Therefore, instead of viewing feminist geography as a static sub-discipline, feminist geography should be examined by looking at a wide range of work produced by feminist geographers addressing the issues found in different contexts, with varying research aims. By examining existing studies, this essay aims to demonstrate the fact that some aspects of feminist geography have, in fact, been primarily concerned with lives of women in a socio- spatial context. Subsequently, this essay also aims to demonstrate that feminist geography did not engage exclusively with the lives of women; by examining practices within the geography discipline, associated with the discipline’s exclusion of female, feminist geographer have offered important insights for geographers in understanding gender bias embedded in geography, and has facilitated the re-evaluation of geographic knowledge and practices among scholars. According to Dixon et al (2014), feminist geography is primarily concerned with improving women’s lives by identifying, and to develop an understanding of the sources of women’s oppression, as well as the dynamics and spatiality of the oppression. This description of feminist geography is mirrored by work produced by feminist geographers that has adapted Marxist theory in examining the relations among economic development, space and gender under capitalism (Pratt, 1994). These feminist geographers were focusing on the social- spatial exclusion of suburban households’ female members from paid employment, which was an important element in reproduction of labour power, and has provided insights to how traditional gender relations in capitalistic societies are continued and preserved (Pratt, 1994; Mackenzie et al, 1983; Hawkesworth 2006; Seccombe 1974; Beechey 1977; Eisenstein 1979; Nelson, 1986; Massey, 1984; Chant et al, 1995; Hanson et al, 1995; Gerstein, 1973). F eminist geographers have argued that the isolation of women from employment a strategy that is vital to manage the effects of capitalist economy; it reproduces the dominant- subordinate that is essential to the operations of capitalist production (Hawkesworth 2006; Eisenstein 1979; Beechey 1977; Pratt, 1994). The isolation also facilitates daily and generational reproduction of labour power, plus it leads to the creation of a labour force, which consists of women who are willing to be working for less than substantive wages (Mackenzie et al, 1983; Pratt, 1994; Seccombe 1974; Hawkesworth 2006; Beechey 1977; Nelson 1986; Eisenstein 1979; Massey, 1984; Chant et al, 1995; Hanson et al, 1995; Pearson, 1986). This was demonstrated in Nelson’s (1986) and Hawkesworth’s (2006) study, as he mentioned that in 1970s, capitalist in the United States had relocated to suburban locations in aiming to employ, or further exploit, according to Marxist perspectives, housewives who are mor e inclined to work despite the less than substantive wages. It has also been revealed that governmental policies, working-class household strategies, as well as traditional male power exercised in both families and trade unions are interplaying factors facilitate the isolation of women as housewives to inhibit or minimize employment opportunities available to women (Mackenzie et al, 1983; Hawkesworth 2006; Seccombe 1974; Eisenstein 1979; Nelson 1986; Pratt, 1994; Massey, 1984; Hanson et al, 1995; Gerstein, 1973). These literatures by feminist geographers are fundamentally linked to the lives of women (Johnson, 2007; Pratt, 1994; Hanson et al, 1995; Seccombe, 1974). By using women’s lives as point of departure, they have identify the consequences of the exclusion of women from employment; creation of female labour that are more prone to be subjected to capitalistic exploitation, enabled by traditional gender and social relations which constitute capitalism, in conjunction with patriarchal gender relations, which have contributed to the redefining of the spatial distribution of women’s social and economic activities in urban areas. However, feminist geographers did not engage exclusively with the lives of women. Feminist geographers are also concerned with development of geography, in relation to the exclusion and isolation of female scholars from the discipline, and how this has affected geographic research and thought. As Morin (1995: 1) has described, the theme of these studies is ‘â€Å"gender of geography† rather that the â€Å"geography of gender† ’. Under this theme, feminist geographers have highlighted the fact that geography is a male- dominated discipline (Rose, 1993; Dixon et al, 2006; LeVasseur, 1993). As suggested by Dixon et al (2006), women have been excluded from higher education from late nineteenth to early twentieth century; early universities mainly consists of upper- class white men. During that period of time, female are mainly found in the field of teaching and helping professions, and are mostly absent in the disciplines and institutions that have contributed to the establishment of modern geography, such as geology and â€Å"expert† societies, such as Royal Geographical Society (Rose, 1993; Dixon et al, 2006). These â€Å"expert† societies were heavily involved with the establishment of geography as a discrete academic discipline, by defining geography’s investigation agenda and methodologies, as well as establishing programs in university (Dixon et al, 2006). Since these societies had entry requirements based on peer nomination and work assessment, it was difficult for women to join such societies, as their works are often dismissed as non- scholarly (Dixon et al, 2006). As a result, these institutions had a disproportionately large numbers of male members (Rose, 1993; Dixon et al, 2006). As female are not able to negotiate in this field of study due to institutional discrimination , white men were able to almost exclusively define what constitute as the norm in the discipline, which has allowed masculinist thinkin g to thrive and flourish in geography (Rose, 1993; Dixon et al, 2006). A number of scholars have pointed out as men have associated themselves with attributes or descriptions in their studies on landscape, such as culture, intellectualism, practicality and mobility (Rose, 1993; Pile, 1994; Berg, 1994). The adaptation of dualistic worldview that was assumed to be objective and scientifically sound has meant that women are therefore associated with nature, body and emotionalism (Rose, 1993; Berg, 1994; Lloyd, 1984). Further, masculinist thinking believes that men are capable of rational thought, whereas women are not, as â€Å"female-ness† was thought of as the lack of â€Å"maleness† (Jay, 1981; Massey, 1998; Longhurst, 2000; Lloyd, 1984; Bordo, 1986; Berg, 1994). Together, these beliefs have helped to establish a hierarchical, binary opposition between mind and body; culture and nature; men and women, with the latter assumed to be inferior and less important (Pile, 1994; Rose, 1993; Berg, 1994; Lloyd, 1984). Dualistic world views have also meant that, according to masculinist thinking, men are traditionally associated with public spaces, due to their association with waged work, which requires mobility and intelligence (Dixon et al, 2006; Rose, 1993; Longhurst, 2000; Berg, 1994). Therefore in contrast, women are typically associated with private spaces due to their traditionally assigned role as care- taker at home (Dixon et al, 2006; Rose, 1993; Longhurst, 2000; Bordo, 1986). Men self- proclaimed attributes, facilitated by dualistic world views have facilitated the formation of a hierarchy in geography in relation to gender (Rose, 1993). The hierarchical opposition signifies that spaces that are typically associated with female, reproduction activities are deemed as less important and less valued when comparing to spaces that are associated with men and their waged production activities (Dixon et al, 2006). Dixon et al (2006) has demonstrated that geographer has thus focus their studies on male productive activities , such as steel manufacturing, rather than investigating reproductive activities that are traditionally associated with women, such as day care for example. As stated by Dixon et al (2006), this bias is reproduced in the discipline across multiple research area. This argument demonstrates the problems underlying geography; the focus on production relative to reproduction within geography signifies the existence of a knowledge gap within the discipline, in regard to areas associated with female economic and social activities. Furthermore, this can discourage scholars, who aim to examine or carry out research in fields associated with female activities, to engage with geography due to concerns over the research prioritization mentioned above, and turn to other disciplines that they feel their research will be valued (Dixon et al, 2006). Together, these diminish the scope of geographic investigation, further reducing any potential knowledge that would have been produced and incorporate d within the discipline of geography, which lead to the diminishing of the academic significance of geography, and this urges the re-thinking of geographic practices, in order to minimize bias due to the discipline’s masculinist legacy (Dixon et al, 2006; Pile, 1994; Monk et al, 1982). In conclusion, the works of feminist geographers examined in this essay have all shared a common theme- the exclusion of women and the consequences, in different contexts or settings. In some aspects of feminist geography, feminist geographers have directly engaged with the lives of women; studies have attempt to undercover ways in which women are oppressed under capitalism, and to demonstrate how women’s lives, in regards to their economic opportunities, are limited as a result of the exclusion from employment. However, this essay has also demonstrated that there are existing studies in which the primary concern is the development of discipline, under the influence of limited female participation. They have highlighted that the discipline’s lack of female involvement, which has facilitated the flourishing of traditional masculine thinking as dominant discourse in geography, has in turn lead to the production of biased knowledge and skewed research approaches that const itute geography- this remained to be an internal, innate problem that results in the narrowing of the scope of study, and has imposed limits on the production of geographic knowledge. The problems highlight above, by feminist geographers, can perhaps urge geographers to rethink their research priorities and focuses, to avoid the induction, or reproduction of masculine- orientated bias in geography, to overcome the legacy of male- domination in order to facilitate wider, more depth understanding of space/ place and social relations and activities. Together, these studies have confirmed that there is significant diversity among feminist geography; feminist geographers have addressed a range of issue or concerns that relate to gender bias or inequality in different contexts. Thus it can be said that the â€Å"primary concern† cannot therefore be generalized into one subject of concern. Reference Karen Dias Jennifer Blecha (2007) Feminism and Social Theory in Geography: An Introduction , The Professional Geographer, 59(1): 1-9 LeVasseur, M (1993) Finding a Way: Encouraging Underrepresented Groups in Geography: An Annotated Bibliography. 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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series, 17(4): 399-416 Beechey, V. (1977) Some notes on female wage labour in capitalist production. Capital and Class, 3, Autumn : 45-66 Eisenstein, Z. (1979) Developing a theory of capitalist patriarchy and socialist feminism. In, Eisenstein, Z. (ed.) Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism. New York: Monthly Review Nelson, K. (1986) Female labour supply characteristics and the suburbanization of low-wage office work. In Scott, A; Storper, M (eds) Production, work, territory: the geographical anatomy of industrial capitalism. Boston and London: Allen and Unwin Pearson, R. (1986) Latin American women and the new international division of labour: a reassessment. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 5(2): 67-79 Chant, S.; McIlwaine, C. (1995) Gender and export manufacturing in the Philippines: continuity and change in female employment? The case of the Mactan Export Processing Zone. Gender Place and Culture 2(2): 147-76 Nelson, K. (1986) Female labour supply characteristics and the suburbanization of low-wage office work. In Scott, A; Storper, M (eds) Production, work, territory: the geographical anatomy of industrial capitalism. Boston and London: Allen and Unwin Massey, D. (1984) Spatial divisions of labour. London: Macmillan Hawkesworth, M.E. (2006) Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Unversity Press McDowell, L (1992) Doing Gender: Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series, 17 (4): 399-416 Seccombe, W (1974) The Housewife and Her Labour under Capitalism. New Left Review, 83: 3-24 Pratt, G (1994) Feminist geographies. In Johnston, R; Gregory, D; Smith D (eds) The Dictionary of Human Geography (3rd edn) Oxford: Blackwell Hanson, S; Pratt, G (1995) Gender, Work, and Space. New York: Routledge Pile, S (1994) Masculinism, the use of dualistic epistemologies and third spaces. Antipod 26(3) : 255-277 Johnson, L. C. (1994) What future for feminist geography? Gender, Place Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 1(1): 103-113 Gerstein, Ira 1973 Domestic Work and Capitalism, Radical America , 7 (45)101-128. Longhurst, R (2000) Geography and gender: masculinities, male identity and men. Progress in Huma Geography 25(3) :439-444 Berg, L. D. (1994) Masculinity, place and a binary discourse of ‘theory’ and ‘empirical investigation’ in the human geography of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Gender, Place Culture. A Journal of Feminist Geography 1(2): 245-260 Bordo, S.(1986) The Cartesian masculinization of thought. Signs 11 (3): 439–456 Jay, N. (1981) Gender and dichotomy. Feminist Studies 7(1): 38-56 Lloyd, G. (1984) The Man of Reason: male and female in Western philosophy. London: Methuen Janice, M; Hanson, S (1982) On not excluding half of the human in human geography. The Professional Geographer 34(1): 11-23 Hesse-Biber, S.N. (2012) Feminist Research: Exploring, Interrogating, and Transforming the Interconnections of Epistemology, Methodology, and Method. In Hesse- Biber, S.N. (ed.) Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis (2nd edn) International: SAGE

American Industrialization Essay -- essays research papers

Had it not been for the American industrialization, we would not enjoy the technology we have in the year 2002. The reason we have this technology is that between those years a great change in the world’s history was made. People started to discover faster methods of producing goods, which increased their economy. However, this industrialization had no effects on society. Society then was still very poor in some areas, but later on in the future the United States becomes the richest and most powerful country in the world. What do these industries depend on? Yes they depend on good transportation systems to bring raw materials to factories and to distribute finished goods. Thus they started building canals between mines and factories, then a road surface, and finally the rail road industry was developed. George Stephenson developed the Rocket; the first steam powered locomotive. Also the American Engineer Robert Fulton developed a way to use steam power for ships. The postal system was also introduced by the British but this time inexpensively. And last we should remember the telegraph that sent messages by electrical impulses not only in Europe but also between America and Britain. So after all the years we wonder why Britain lead the industrial revolution, well the reason is that they enjoyed many advantages that helped them take the lead in the revolution. As I have wrote the agricultural revolution increased food production, which freed many laborers to work in indust...

Essay --

What Are Your Rights Worth To You? George Edward Peele III King &Low Heywood Thomas School National security has been greatly enhanced by the passage of the patriot act. The USA PATRIOT act is an act of congress of Congress that was signed by President Bush in 2001. The title of the act is a ten-letter acronym that stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The patriot act was signed into law as a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The USA PATRIOT act has had helped America make progress toward becoming the most secure nation in the world. What is the Patriot Act? The USA PATRIOT act was signed into law quickly without much debate back in 2001 right after the September 11th attacks in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania. The Patriot Act touches almost everything from more funding for businesses that are affected by terrorist attacks all the way to funding affected families of terrorist attacks. The main reason the Patriot act was put in place was to prevent future terrorist attacks on U.S. soil and overseas attacks on Americans. With the act the government would try to stop the attacks before they take place to prevent American deaths. The Patriot Act was put in place to protect America, and at the time many agreed with the Act and went along with it. That was at first. That was when many Americans felt threatened for their safety. Now, many have had time to reflect back on the Patriot Act and feel differently (Ball 2004 p. 78-84). The Patriot Act Pros and Cons is a topic that is much like a double-edged sword. On one hand many people feel they would like to be protected and feel that they will give up some ... ...ed to be worried. It simply is not possible to not to have some measure of national security precautions without jeopardizing the security of the populace, especially with new technology that America has now. The Patriot Act does not infringe upon the rights of citizens; it ensures that those who wish to harm this country have limited means to do so. The Patriot Act was passed as a means to allow better protection of citizens given the current state of technology today. The aftermath of the attacks on September 11th demonstrated that this was necessary. The Constitution is not designed to render the nation defenseless against people who have no value for human life, and who will use whatever means necessary to harm others to advance their goals In conclusion the Patriot Act gives the government the tools in which are necessary to keep America and its citizens safe.

American History X Essay -- essays research papers

Theory Assignment on American History X This movie tells the story of a young man, from Southern California, that is the product of several unfortunate incidents, and his misguided search trying to answer the question why his life is the way it is. I. Daniel appeared to be dealing with the adolescent stage. Daniel seems to have developed his sense of self worth by mimicking his older brother. Daniels significant relationships, since his brothers incarceration has been derricks old friends (the skin head group). The scene in the principle’s office shows that Daniel is trying to live up to what he believes are his older brother’s ideals, which he believes are following in the foot steps of Nazis. Hate anyone that is not white and protestant. His own self image is one of an up and coming skin head; so he believes his identity is that of a racially intolerant neo-Nazi. Daniel’s search for that identity terminates when Derrick tells him about the experience of his prison time. This scene played out after Derrick confronted Conner at the skin head party and had to flee from his former admirers because he beat up their leader. Daniel followed Derrick and questioned him as to why he was behaving like a â€Å"Nigge r lover.† Daniels since of loyalty was shaken, and the explanation Derrick gave appeared to have turned Daniels beliefs around. Stacey is derrick’s girl friend at the beginning of the film. Stacey’s conscious and sexual identity seems to have been developed somewhat askew to the norms of middle class America, but she shows her comfort in her self during the dinner scene where the school teacher is discussing oppression of minorities with Derrick. Stacy voices an opinion that states blacks and Hispanics are a bane on society. She is a yes man to all of Derricks opinions, and during the same scene she shows her sexuality when she sensuously caresses Derrick after the altercation with Derrick’s family and his mother’s date. This scene showed that Stacey’s role models were other racist, and her beliefs were based on the rhetoric that is espoused at hate monger meetings. Stacey’s young adult stage is shown when she refuses to listen to Derrick during the skin head party scene. She had completely immersed herself in the â€Å"Derrick† persona. The idea of what she pe rceived Derrick would be like when he returned from prison. Stacey told Derrick, during the party scene t... ...s that Daniel took the same psychological ride as Derrick. The other characters remained at on a level psychological playing field. The skin heads may have become more radical, but that appeared to be because of the strength in numbers. The social view of aging in the film seemed to encompass the hatred of the time between two factions in a community in flux.The the presentation of community leaders trying to heal the community, the police captain and principal bob trying to enlist Derrick to help quell the possible uprising in the final scenes, also showed some social aging. 17. The roles of men in the film were depicted at the beginning by Derrick and his father as dominant figures in their household. Principal Bob was another strong male figure. The main female characters differed only in that Stacy seemed to bedcome independent of Derrick at the end of the film. Derricks mother and sister seemed to be typical obedient females. Derricks mom Derricks mom was â€Å"just† a housewife, and when her husband died Derrick filled the head of household role. Derricks oldest sister remained a liberal democrat throughout the movie, but showed no real interest in taking charge of her life.

Teenage Prostitution

Teenage Prostitution â€Å"I had been sleeping on a park bench for three nights†¦. The fourth night†¦I met a man named Troy, who was really good to me at first†¦. Little did I know that my problems were about to begin† (Flowers 108). Prostitution can be a dangerous and scarce lifestyle for many teenage girls, but exists within the United States. These girls grow up very quickly and their innocence may be shattered through this profession, but many lack the knowledge of the true meaning behind prostitution. Teenage girls who prostitute in America are living very dangerous lifestyles through this profession and face detrimental experiences in their young lives. A Prostitute is one who involves herself in sexual activity for pay (Webster 518). There are many aspects to prostitution including the prostitutes themselves, the pimps, and the johns. The pimps are generally men who get customers for their prostitutes as a means of making money for themselves ( Flowers 121). The Johns are the people who pay a prostitute for sexual activity. These men are the prostitute’s customers, and the men who provide the money for the pimps and prostitutes. (Flowers 125). The exact number of teenage prostitutes is never clear, however, it is estimated that there are more than 300,000 teenagers in the United States, who are exposed to prostitution (Vincent). For teenage girls in America the average age to begin prostituting is by the age of fourteen years old. It is estimated that at least one fifth of all the prostitutes on the streets are teenage girls. As many as ninety percent of these girls were charmed and pressured into selling sexual favors by a pimp. Another twenty percent of these girls were runaways, becoming prostitutes through their association with other street children and teenage prostitutes. In most cases, these young girls are recruiting for their pimps (Flowers, 108-109) There are many teenage girls in prostitution, but one of the most frequently asked questions is: What kinds of girls are subjected to prostitution? The kinds of girls that are prostituting are some who have broken homes, an abusive history, a promiscuous mother, bad relationships with one or both parents, and a history of running away, which is the biggest aspect leading a girl into the life of prostitution (Vincent). Commonly one might assume that a young prostitute would come from a lower class environment. However, there has been much research that has shown a mix of results with the relationship between teenage prostitution and class. Studies, which involve higher samples, have found that many of these adolescent female prostitutes come from middle to upper class families. In one of recent samples of teenage prostitutes, they found that seventy percent of these girls were from average to above average income levels. Most of these girls have come from families characterized by divorce, separation, and pure dysfunction (Flowers 111). Contrary to these results, teenage prostitution can come from many different types of families and income status’. â€Å"Some of these girls come from loving homes. Others have fled sexual abuse at home or fallen into drug addiction† (Pulkinnen). The girls who prostitute are usually ones that run away from home, because of a bad home life. Teenage girls usually run away from home due to an unstable family situation including: physical or sexual abuse, absence of one or both of the parents, poverty, or drug abuse. Some runaways leave because of school problems, sexual identity issues, peer pressure, boredom, or even mental illnesses. Many runaway teenagers are actually thrown out of their home or abandoned by their parent or guardians. Lastly, there is the group of runaways that leave home for the thrill, adventure, sexual experiences, or lured by others through the Internet (Flowers 57). One of the biggest problems with prostitution is the male pimp involved. Pimps play a crucial role in the dynamics of teenage prostitution. Most of the girls who enter into the prostituting world are persuaded by the powers of a pimp. Many of the girls who are persuaded by Pimps are the ones who are insecure, have a low self-esteem, and ones who are starved for the attention of a male. Often pimps will not go for the girls who are secure and confident with themselves, but seek out girls who are unattractive, highly insecure, and not what they see as â€Å"sexy† (Flowers 120-121). That’s common. Girls who are starved of self-esteem finally meet a man who showers them with gifts, drugs and dollops of affection. That, and a lack of alternative, keeps them working for them—and if that isn’t enough, he shoves a gun in the girl’s mouth and threatens to kill her† (Kristof). Pimps have many aspects to their jobs. The first part of their job is recruit ing girls, sending other prostitutes to do the work. They call these girls â€Å"Runners. † Pimps may recruit themselves, but safer with the law enforcement if others do it for them. Runners scour bus and train stations, shopping malls, coffee shops, arcades, street corners, and anywhere that a runaway or a lost kid would hang out. Looking hungry, disheveled, confused, distant, scared, disoriented, or just in need of a friend, prospects for sex workers are usually easy to spot. Some of these runaway girls are from broken homes, easy for the pimp to be the caring adults who are willing to be everything the girl never had at home. Winning over the girls’ hearts, pimps make these girls feel confident, loved, and a sense of loyalty. Flowers 120-121). When the pimps have these young teenage girls, their next job is to flatter them. Many pimps to this day are younger and are associated to what is â€Å"hip†, looking as if they have a lot of money. Girls quickly become excited by the idea of having a man buy them gifts, provide food for them, and feel that sense of love and attention that the pimp gives them. Now that the pimp has won over his girl, he may pressure her into prostituting, force her, or make her feel obligated to do so as a means of making her ends meet (Vincent). The pimp has a job to do and that is to make sure the prostitute is bringing in money and that the prostitute does not leave him. Many of these times the pimps will force the girls to work everyday of the week, and typically take every penny the girl earns (Pulkinnen). Pimps violence is very common among prostitutes and once a girl becomes part of a pimps stable she is subjected to his rules, regulations, and manipulations. Many of the incidents where there is violence from the pimps are by verbal abuse, physical abuse, rape, and threats to keep the girls from not leaving (Flowers 122). Jasmine, an African-American former prostitute, was a victim of abuse by her pimp. Leaving her abusive home at the age of thirteen, Jasmine stayed with her pimp because of the manipulation. â€Å"If you say something you’re not supposed to, you get beat. If you stay too long with a customer, you get beat. And if you try to leave the Pimp, you get beat. † (Kristof). Teenage prostitutes may carry a number of physical health risks. Some of these health hazards include: bodily harm, internal injuries, drug and alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, eating and sleeping disorders, pregnancy, and suicide. Many teenage prostitutes fail to eat correctly and lack a balanced diet. Instead of using their money towards proper nutrition, some use their money for alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes. Due to multiple sex partners they are at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases as well including: gonorrhea, herpes, syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS infection. One in three teenage prostitutes do not use any form of protection against these diseases. Half of all female teenage prostitutes have been pregnant at least once (Flowers 90). Along with their physical health, teenage prostitutes deal with a lot of mental health issues as well. Some of these health hazards include: depression, personality disorders, thought disorders, and risk of suicide. Personality disorders are used to turn on and off personalities to clients. These are survival mechanisms to attract new clients, or to avoid criminal records. Clinical depression is a huge health risk for teenage prostitutes. These teenagers are twice as likely to have a serious mental disorder. Lastly, suicide is one of the biggest factors that plays in with teenage prostitutes. Seven out of ten girl prostitutes have tried to commit suicide due to depression and the unbearable realities of their profession (Flowers 90-91). Teenage Prostitutes not only endure these health hazards, but face the major risk of being arrested, and may be charged on different accounts. Many teenagers involved with prostitution are arrested for related offenses including: being a runaway, drug problems, theft, alcohol laws, and curfew. Many of these girls are arrested multiple times, returning to sell their bodies for food, shelter, drugs or money. The older teenage girl prostitutes are more likely to be arrested, than boy prostitutes and younger teenagers. Teenage prostitutes are also way more likely to become arrested than their customers and their pimps (Flowers 103-104). Prostitution is a dangerous profession, especially for a teenage girl who is still discovering who she is. There are many obstacles that a teenager must go through in this profession, and many face harm on a daily basis. Whether it is from their pimps, their clients, law enforcement, bodily and mental health hazards, they are facing them frequently. One might agree with the idea that it is a terrible profession, or others might presume it’s a matter of choice and lifestyle. Whether it be the case, prostitution is illegal and teenage prostitutes are put in harms way through this hazardous lifestyle, and jeopardizing their youth. â€Å"They’re people. They’re girls. They should be worrying about what they’re wearing to their high school dance and not whether they’re going to bring in quota† (Pulkinnen). Work Cited Flowers, Barri. Runaway Kids and Teenage Prostitution. Connecticut: Praeger. 001. Print. Kristof Nicholas. â€Å"Girls on our Streets: [Op-Ed]. † New York Times. 7 May 2009, Late Edition (East Coast). Banking Information Source, Proquest. Web. 5 April 2010. â€Å"Prostitute. † Webster’s New World Dictionary. New York. 1999. 518. Print. Pulkkinen, Levi. â€Å"Child Prostitution out of Shadows in Seattle. † Seattlepi. com 13 Jan. 2010, ProQuest Newsstand , ProQuest. Web. 5 Apr. 2010 Vincent, Karen. â€Å"Teenage Prostitution- A serious Issue in the United States. † Ezine Articles. Ezine Articles, n. d. Web. 7 April 2010.

Building a Supportive Vocabulary Learning Environment

To every education curriculum, it is a fundamental requirement to will a sustainably befitting surround at the background to ease the flow of engrossment and economic aid the mission accomplishment of a prolific study. Without an enabling surroundings, the efficiency of the narration resoluteness is significantly reduced. Though avoidable, many an(prenominal) unrefined t distributively(prenominal)ers still take with levity, the unavoidableness of creating an environmental aura that permeates the mind of learners twisting towards creating a smooth psychological linkage to understanding the vocabulary lesson (Diller & Karl, 1978).Supportive ToolsFirstly, we design a befitting morphologic ar lamment that reflects any(prenominal) fundamental expectations concerning the vocabulary to be studied, the plectrum of which ranks common in preference of recitation (Foss & Lenzini, 1999). The pictorial delegacy (e. g. on the wall) enables learners to approach shot un restric ted support demonstrating how tongue or the entire buccal cavity (mouth) is expect to be positi unrivaledd while a particular(a) sound is being pronounced. The pictorial re incloseation should equally demonstrate practical situations where each word is close to appropriately in day-to-day events.In buttressing the sizeableness of this structural or pictorial design as a supportive schooling tool, seekes keep up shown that new vocabularies argon best mute by exerting a subconscious perspiration sequel to the for the for the first date time pronunciation characterization in kin (Holden, et al. , 1998). The sub-consciousness is characterized with the absence of stress, sultry tension or urgency inquire to study within a restricted design. The presence of pressure brings a sense impression of active competition among some separate(a) colleagues in family unit.The slow learners, the amount and the fast learners argon the three classes of learners that must(prenomin al) have their liaison managed on the overall while find the contextual modalities of supportive environments to be considered (Foss & Lenzini, 1999). Moreover, it is of importance to recognize the use of disciple-to-student interactive class posing in learnedness impertinent vocabulary. This creates an enabling environment where learners can allocate and gain views from one some other(a). This in a great sense, is a complementary learning tool to teachers own method.The teacher here, logically listen and gain from diverse shipway of interaction that exist in this session of students group discussion. The specific style of educational activity to adopt will be gotten from preponderances of events as they unfold (James L. B. , 2001) One-to-many Learning Support proposal In this scheme, each learner on rotation is given an assignment to present a topic to other co-learners in class. Preferentially, suggestion of a multi-media projection could aid inform. Here comes a rese arch among students in science class, a class of 50 students was given an assignment to treat 10 topics within a course.The modality twisty allotment of a topic to a group of 5 students within which they are equally expected to further break the topic into sub-headings. Other remaining 45 students follow suit in their several(prenominal) groupings. The examination result for this method of teaching was taken for over a period of 5 old age, with the consider and manner recorded. The result showed a wide grade-gap between the first three best students and other members of the class. The mean was high but students within this range were found scanty (James L. Barker cane, 2001).One-to-many learning scheme shows that the method could only financial aid the confident students to perform even pause at the expense of other colleagues. The other group members does belong to the same class but perhaps, limiting study to what they in truth present and non bordering to probe other st udents presentation to perfect understanding from the first exposure in class. Participative/Interactive trend Session Another proposed scheme suggests a modality where members of the class have no formal presentation for others to listen.But rather, everyone prepares for the task out front of the class and involve in a general discuss. All opinions are accommodated by the supervision of a tutor in charge. In furtherance to the earlier research for another five years, findings were taken from another set of 50 students with different learning environmental supportive modality. In this scheme, no student is expected to teach the other colleague but rather each student contributes one after the other to the pending discussion on the vocabulary lesson.In this way, the teacher set the ball curlicue by introducing the topic and secondly in guiding against shifting of focus to irrelevancies. The reciprocative interactions give a supportive environment that deposit in each student a pe rsonal sense of concourse the huge challenge to perform up to expectations among peers (Kinsella, K. , 1995). The result of the later five years shows students having a higher mean gradient. The mode was slightly reduced, an indication pointing that only nonage members of the class understand on the average with one-to-many learning support.Conclusion When discussing vocabulary skills, some basic essentialities are necessary a listening, speaking, reading and writing acts. Other recently identify skills include description, narrating and summarizing skills among others. All supportive environments must focus on ensuring these necessities. Having an enabling environment in assisting the students reading culture is most important especially when learning an unacquainted with(predicate) vocabulary, hence, the derivative of interactive study lookout man is just a perfect one to make learners actively involved.Findings had also shown that students unremarkably get frustrated over tim e if encouragement and assistance are not near. Conclusively, teacher could equally assist in instilling the culture of reading this is the strongest separate tool. References Diller, Karl Conrad (1978). The run-in Teaching Controversy. Rowley, Massachusetts Newbury House. Foss, C. R. , P. , & Lenzini, J. J. (1999). textual and pictorial glosses Effectiveness on sequent vocabulary growth when reading in a foreign oral communication. Foreign Language Annals, 32 (1), 89-113.Holden, Susan Mickey Rodgers (1998). English language teaching. Mexico City DELTI. James L. Barker lecture on November 8th 2001 at Brigham modern University. Kinsella, K. (1995). Understanding and empowering diverse learners in ESL classroom. In M. J. Reid (Ed. ), Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom (pp. 70-86). Boston, MA Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Koda, K. (1997). Orthographic knowledge in L2 lexical processing A cross-linguistic perspective. In J. Coady & T. Huckins (Eds. ), Second language vocabulary learning (pp. 35-52). New York Cambridge Universit